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Phusis (φύσις) Menurut Galen: Hubungan Makro-Mikro Kosmos Theo, Yohanes
Divinitas Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi Kontekstual Vol 1, No 2 (2023): Divinitas July
Publisher : Fakultas Teologi, Universitas Sanata Dharma

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24071/div.v1i2.6700

Abstract

Who are humans? What is the relationship between humans and the universe? These are two fundamental questions that ancient Greek doctors attempted to answer through their perspectives. For them, within the complexity of the human body (microcosm), we can see two things: (1) human nature and (2) its connection to the universe (macrocosm). The human body consists of four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile, which must be kept in balance for the body to remain healthy. Conversely, an imbalance of these four humors can cause disease. According to Galen, human nature is balance. A person whose humors are in balance is a person who has achieved their full nature, or in Galen's words, a healthy person.The balance that occurs in the body must also occur in the universe. Galen saw the two as a harmonious and interdependent system. According to Galen, the cosmos consists of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water (like the four humors). Galen saw the human body as a microcosm with the same four elements but different in proportion. This relationship was formulated in the concepts of mimesis and sympathy. The microcosm imitates and sympathizes with the macrocosm and vice versa. Overall, Galen saw the cosmos as an integrated and purposeful system, with each element and living thing playing an important role in maintaining its balance and harmony.AbstrakSiapakah manusia? Apa hubugannya manusia dengan Alam Semesta ini? Inilah dua pertanyaan mendasar yang coba dijawab lewat tawaran perspektif dokter Yunani kuno. Baginya, dalam kompleksitas tubuh manusia (mikrokosmos) itu, kita dapat melihat dua hal: (1) kodrat manusia dan (2) keterkaitannya dengan alam semesta (makrokosmos).Tubuh manusia terdiri dari empat humor: darah, dahak, empedu kuning, dan empedu hitam (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) yang perlu dijaga keseimbangannya agar tubuh tetap sehat. Sebaliknya, ketidakseimbangan empat humor ini dapat menyebabkan penyakit. Menurut Galen, kodrat manusia adalah keseimbangan. Orang yang seluruh humor-humornya seimbang adalah orang yang mencapai kepenuhan kodratnya, atau dalam bahasa Galen disebut orang yang sehat. Keseimbangan yang terjadi pada tubuh juga harus terjadi di alam semesta, Galen melihat keduanya sebagai sebuah sistem yang harmonis dan saling bergantung. Menurut Galen, kosmos terdiri dari empat unsur: tanah, udara, api, dan air (seperti empat humor). Galen melihat tubuh manusia sebagai mikrokosmos dengan empat elemen yang sama tetapi berbeda dalam hal proporsi. Hubungan itu dirumuskan dalam konsep mimēsis dan simpati. Mikrokosmos meniru serta bersimpati pada makrokosmos dan sebaliknya. Secara keseluruhan, Galen melihat kosmos sebagai sistem yang terpadu dan memiliki tujuan, dengan setiap elemen dan makhluk hidup memainkan peran penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan dan keharmonisannya
Pneuma sebagai Dasar Kosmopolitanisme: Mencari Titik Temu dan Pisah Etika Kosmopolitanisme Stoa dan Paulus Dalam Surat Galatia 3:28: Pneuma as the Basis of Cosmopolitanism: Finding Common Ground and Differences between Stoic and Pauline Cosmopolitan Ethics in Galatians 3:28 Taolin, Remigius; Theo, Yohanes
DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA Vol. 21 No. 2 (2025): Diskursus - Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi STF Driyarkara
Publisher : STF Driyarkara - Diskursus

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36383/diskursus.v21i2.782

Abstract

This paper examines the discourse between the Apostle Paul and Stoic philosophy, with a focus on the concept of cosmopolitanism rooted in the idea of Pneuma. Rather than determining the direction of influence, the study aims to trace the points of convergence and divergence between these two centers of thought. For the Stoics, Pneuma is the rational spirit that unites all human beings regardless of status, ethnicity, or gender. With a similar vision, Paul interprets Pneuma as the Holy Spirit, which unites all people in Christ by transcending the boundaries of Jewish law and custom. Galatians 3:28 illustrates how Paul adapted the spirit of Hellenistic-Roman cosmopolitanism to affirm the collective identity of “children of God” for all believers. This concept of universal brotherhood is particularly relevant in Indonesia, a country known for its pluralism. Abstrak Tulisan ini mengkaji hubungan intelektual antara Rasul Paulus dan filsafat Stoikisme, dengan fokus pada konsep kosmopolitanisme yang didasari gagasan Pneuma. Studi ini tidak bertujuan menetapkan arah pengaruh, melainkan menelusuri titik temu dan perbedaan prinsip kedua pusat pemikir ini. Bagi Stoa, Pneuma adalah roh rasional yang menyatukan seluruh manusia tanpa membedakan status, etnis, atau gender. Paulus, dengan visi serupa, menafsirkannya sebagai Roh Kudus yang mempersatukan semua orang dalam Kristus, melampaui batas hukum dan adat Yahudi. Ayat Galatia 3:28 menyoroti bagaimana Paulus mengadaptasi semangat kosmopolitanisme Helenis-Romawi untuk menegaskan identitas kolektif “anak Allah” bagi semua orang beriman. Pada akhirnya, gagasan persaudaraan universal ini penting bagi kita di Indonesia dengan ciri pluralitasnya. Kata-kata kunci: Paulus, Stoikisme, Pneuma, Kosmopolitanisme
Relevansi Hukum Kodrat Stoa terhadap Disrupsi Kecerdasan Buatan Theo, Yohanes
Media: Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): Februari 2024
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Seminari Pineleng

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53396/media.v5i1.191

Abstract

Artificial intelligence begins to be treated as a conscious entity;  it can feel guilty, and provide improvements for more perfect results in the future. I raises the important question: is human life still secure? This article discusses the relevance of Stoic natural law in regard with the disruption of artificial intelligence. This research was designed as a literature review. In the midst of the progress of artificial intelligence, this article aims to discuss human nature from the perspective of Stoicism's human philosophical thought, especially one of nature. The Stoics were one of the academic   schools in the Hellenistic era that specifically paid attention to the concept of nature. The core of their moral teachings is found in the imperative "live according to nature". Stoic teachings about nature can be achieved by being a true human being, and choosing the right things in certain situations. By understanding the human nature, the disruption of the era of artificial intelligence does not need to be feared excessively. Human being is based on their conscience, an internal force that will direct them to choose what is morally good and not vice versa. An inner voice will never be possessed by artificial intelligence.