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All Journal Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Kumar, Vinod
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Mathematics

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Free-space optical channel performance under atmospheric losses using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Mani, Vinoth Kumar; Kumar, Vinod
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 25, No 3: March 2022
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1571-1579

Abstract

Free space optics (FSO) is a fast-growing technology that outperforms fiber optics in communication network infrastructure without spectrum licensing. The goal of this work is to evaluate the performance of the FSO communication system using direct detection 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) and 4-phase shift keying (4-PSK) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. Simulating a direct detection OFDM-FSO system and comparing constellation diagrams, electrical power, and optical power have been used to conduct the analysis. The model is validated using a constellation diagram of received signals for various FSO channel ranges and weather conditions. According to simulation results, the OFDM-FSO architecture combined with the 4-QAM modulation technique produces the most efficient output with the least amount of power consumption for data rates up to 10 Gb/s and FSO channel ranges of up to 3 km for clear air, 1.7 km, and 1.3 km for thin and thick fog, and 0.7 km for heavy fog. This investigation can enhance the current fiber optic network's structure connected with the FSO system to provide last-mile connectivity in 5G modules.
Extreme Vertices of the Psi-Divisible Graph of the Group Z_{p^n} Kumar, Amit; Kumar, Vinod; Sehgal, Amit
Journal of the Indonesian Mathematical Society Vol. 32 No. 2 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : IndoMS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22342/jims.v32i2.2145

Abstract

The $\Psi$-divisible graph of a finite group $G$, denoted by $\Psi_G$ is a special type of simple undirected graph, in which the set of vertices contains non-trivial subgroups of $G$ and two distinct vertices $u$ and $v$ are adjacent if and only if $u$ is a proper subgroup of $v$ such that $\Psi(u)|\Psi(v)$ or $v$ is a proper subgroup of $u$ such that $\Psi(v)|\Psi(u)$. The existence of extreme vertices in the $\Psi$-divisible graph of the finite cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}_{p^n}$ is described in this article.
Co-Authors Kumar, Amit Mani, Vinoth Kumar Sehgal, Amit