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All Journal Lentera Hukum Indonesian Journal of Social Research (IJSR)
Islam, Md. Toriqul
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Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Arguments to Apply Constitutional Guarantees in the Private Sector Islam, Md. Toriqul
Lentera Hukum Vol 8 No 2 (2021): LENTERA HUKUM
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/ejlh.v8i2.24232

Abstract

Constitutional guarantees are such a body of interests or basic human rights which are inevitable for each human being. These rights are principally inherent, inalienable, and universal, and therefore, irrespective of race, sex, caste, color, or religion, everyone can enjoy them. Constitutional guarantees are distinct from all other rights and privileges because of at least two unique characteristics, such as intrinsic in nature, and inalienability. These guarantees are crucial in the state-individual relations, and recognized by major laws of the civilized nations, and often enshrined in the national constitutions. For instance, the US Constitution signifies the essence of these rights through the expression of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Nonetheless, very often, many citizens across the globe are deprived of these rights on numerous pretends and grounds, and mostly, on the public-private dichotomy. This study examined contemporary legal and philosophical discourses as to whether the constitutional guarantees of human rights apply in the private sectors in Malaysia, India, and the United States. This study used doctrinal legal research methodology with a qualitative approach based on library resources. The findings of this study showed that constitutional guarantees, primarily human rights, are presumed to have been neither created nor made but originated like organic growth. Accordingly, no authority can take them away. By examining various logics from theological to socio-historical points of view and the theory of international law, this study concluded that constitutional guarantees, particularly the equal protection of the law, should apply horizontally to cover both public and private sectors. KEYWORDS: Constitutional Guarantees, Human Rights, Public-Private Sectors.
The Relationship between Maternal Education, Household Spending Patterns, and Playtime in Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement Dewan, Krishna Pada; Islam, Md. Toriqul; Monir, Md. Moniruzzaman
Indonesian Journal of Social Research (IJSR) Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Social Research (IJSR)
Publisher : Universitas Djuanda

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30997/ijsr.v8i1.733

Abstract

Academic performance at the secondary level is a crucial determinant of students’ future educational attainment, employment opportunities, and socioeconomic mobility in developing countries. Despite improved access to secondary education in Bangladesh, significant disparities in academic achievement persist, largely driven by family socioeconomic conditions and students’ behavioral patterns. This study examines the influence of parental socioeconomic characteristics and students’ time-use behavior on secondary school academic performance using primary household-level data from Khulna district, Bangladesh. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys of 94 parents of students who passed the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) examination in 2023. Students’ academic performance is measured using SSC Grade Point Average (GPA), which is right-censored at the upper limit of 5; therefore, a Tobit regression model is employed to obtain unbiased estimates. The results show that maternal education, household income, educational expenditure, nuclear family structure, and study time have statistically significant positive effects on students’ GPA. In contrast, unstable paternal employment particularly day labor poor housing conditions, higher non-educational expenditure, and excessive time spent playing are negatively associated with academic performance. Empirically, each additional year of mothers’ schooling increases GPA by 0.071 points, while students whose fathers are engaged in day-labor employment score about 1.59 GPA points lower than those from farming households. Overall, the findings highlight the central roles of maternal human capital, household economic stability, family environment, and effective time management in shaping secondary-level academic outcomes. The study provides district-level evidence and supports policies aimed at promoting maternal education, assisting economically vulnerable households, improving home learning conditions, and encouraging balanced study habits to reduce educational inequality.
Co-Authors Dewan, Krishna Pada Monir, Md. Moniruzzaman