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All Journal Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Kamal Singh
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Public Health

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Study of Various Patterns of Azygos Venous System and its Clinical Significance Aarti Rohilla; Monika Rathee; Kamal Singh; Suresh Kanta Rathee
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 4 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i4.16650

Abstract

Background: The azygos system includes those veins which are straight in course, paravertebral in positionand not accompanied with the corresponding arteries. The azygos vein may arise as lumbar azygos veinfrom the back of inferior vena cava or by the union of right subcostal and right ascending lumbar veins. Itenters the thorax, receives lower 8 right posterior intercostal veins, superior intercostal vein, hemiazygosand accessory hemiazygos veins and ends by joining the superior vena cava. The hemiazygos vein is formedon the left in a manner similar to that of azygos vein. The aim of the present study was to investigate thevarious patterns of the azygos venous system.Methods: A total number of 30 cadavers were studied and were evaluated based on the study of Anson BJand Mcvay CB.Conclusion: Out of 30 specimens studied, 17 (56%) specimens showed normal pattern, 5 (16%) specimensshowed caterpillar pattern and rest 8 (26%) specimens showed ladder pattern.Azygos system of veins serve as an alternative drainage channel between superior vena cava and inferiorvena cava in case of obstruction. The knowledge of various patterns could be useful for radiologists andsurgeons to prevent intra-operative hazards.
Fetal Ilium as a Tool For Sex Determination: Discriminant Functional Analysis Aarti; Luv Sharma; Kamal Singh
Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 15 No. 4 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Publisher : Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v15i4.16651

Abstract

Background: Sex determination has been the most intriguing puzzle for forensic pathologists andanthropologists for which efforts are being done since long. Sexual dimorphism is well established in theadult pelvis and it is known to provide the highest level of information about sexual dimorphism. This studywas conducted to know whether this dimorphism exists in fetal bones?Method: A total of 34 pairs of fetal pelvis bones (22 Males + 12 Females), age ranging from 4 months tofull term were collected from unidentified dead fetuses brought in the Department of Forensic Medicinefor the routine medicolegal autopsies, to study for sexual dimorphism in the Department of Anatomy, Pt.B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Samples were divided in 2 age groups and various metric parameters wererecorded with the help of digital vernier caliper. Data obtained was subjected to descriptive & discriminantfunctional analysis.Conclusion: Results of Descriptive and Discriminant Functional Analysis showed that sex determinationcan be done with 100% of accuracy by using different combinations of parameters of fetal ilium. Thisstudy illustrates that sexual dimorphism exists from early fetal life & after mid pregnancy; it can be clearlyestablished by discriminant functional analysis.This research was limited in its analysis due to less availability of specimens as this represents only theresults in north Indian population. Future studies should be done to explore different populations to betterunderstand the sexual dimorphism in fetal bones of different geographic contexts.
Co-Authors Aarti Aarti Rohilla Luv Sharma Monika Rathee Suresh Kanta Rathee