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All Journal International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT)
Mahmood, Basim
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Computer Science & IT

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Quantifying the severity of cyber attack patterns using complex networks Hasan, Ahmed Salih; Mohammed, Yasir F.; Mahmood, Basim
International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) Vol 14, No 3: December 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp1179-1188

Abstract

This work quantifies the severity and likelihood of cyberattacks using complex network modelling. A dataset from common attack pattern enumerations and classifications (CAPEC) is collected and formalized as nodes and edges aiming at creating a network model. In this model, each attack pattern is represented as a node, and an edge is created between two nodes when there is a relation between them. The dataset includes 559 attack patterns and 1921 relations among them. Network metrics are used to perform the analysis on the network level and node level. Moreover, a rank of the CAPECs based on a complex network perspective is generated. This rank is compared with the CAPEC ranking system and deeply discussed based on cybersecurity perspective. The findings show interesting facts about the likelihood and severity of attacks. It is found that the network perspective should be given attention by the CAPEC ranking system. Finally, the results of this work can be of high interest to security architects.
Parameter-optimized routing protocols for targeted broadcast messages in smart campus environments Al-Sofy, Karam Mheide; Jalal, Jalal Khalid; Fadhil, Fajer F.; Mahmood, Basim
International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) Vol 14, No 3: December 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijict.v14i3.pp1056-1071

Abstract

The spread of handheld mobile devices integrated with multiple sensors makes it easy for these devices to interact with each other. These interactions are useful in a variety of applications such as monitoring and notification systems that can be adopted in smart campuses. The performance of these applications depends primarily on the network infrastructure and network protocols. In cases of failure, smart campus requires the provision of effective alternatives that can handle essential services. Hence, this work uses the Wi-Fi mobile ad hoc network (MANET) as an alternative backup to the traditional infrastructure. The dynamic nature of such a network relies on individuals' mobility, this leads to a lack of end-to-end connectivity. To overcome this challenge, delay-tolerant networking (DTN) has been adopted as its primary approach to routing information inside campus. Spray and wait, binary spray and wait (BSW), and probabilistic flooding protocols are deeply assessed to ensure sustained communications in the working environment. The protocols’ parameters are comprehensively investigated and optimized. Moreover, the performance metrics that are used in the evaluation are messages consumption, node responsiveness, and coverage. The findings showed that the optimal protocol and its parameters is reliant upon the specific application and resources available.
Co-Authors Al-Sofy, Karam Mheide Fadhil, Fajer F. Hasan, Ahmed Salih Jalal, Jalal Khalid Mohammed, Yasir F.