Achmad Effendi Kadarisman
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris-Universitas Negeri Malang

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How Universal is Chomskys Universal Grammar? Achmad Effendi Kadarisman
TEFLIN Journal: A publication on the teaching and learning of English Vol 11, No 1 (2000)
Publisher : TEFLIN

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The publication of this book signifies three important things. First, syntactic theory in generative grammar—after nearly five decades of its inception—remains a thriving discipline. In fact, it seems to have been too progressive and dynamic, making some drastic change in a rather unex­pected manner. Considering the proliferation and world-wide fame of the Government-Binding (GB) Theory during the 1980s and early 1990s, Chomsky s publication of The Minimalist Program (1995) might have taken GB syntacticians by surprise, since this book was intended as a major revi­sion of GB syntax. Second, syntax, as ever, remains central and plays the leading role in generative grammar. The creative aspect of human lan­guage, the argument goes, is best explained by syntax—part of the linguis­tic competence which contributes most to accounting for native speakers ability to understand and produce novel utterances in their language. The centrality of syntax also shows up very clearly in the most influential books by Chomsky. Prior to The Minimalist Program, the earlier hallmarks in the generative enterprise are Syntactic Structures (1957), Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965), and Lectures on Government and Binding (1981). These books, while dealing with linguistic theory in general, dwelled heavily into syntax. Third, as is "notorious" among students of language, Chomsky re-mains a hard reading. Readers familiar with GB Theory would recall that Chomsky 1981 is intellectually accessible only to well-trained syntacticians. Therefore, during the past two decades syntacticians were busy "translat­ing" GB syntax to make it accessible to language students in general. Works by Cook (1988), Cowper (1992), Radford (1988), and Sells (1985)—to cite just a few examples—are simplified versions of GB syntax intended for beginners. It is along this line of "simplification" that the book now being reviewed was written. In other words, the original version of the Minimalist Program, like that of GB Theory, might be way beyond beginning students of linguistics.
Communication Strategies Employed by EFL Learners in A Speaking Class Syarifudin Syarifudin; Nur Mukminatien; Sri Rachmajanti; Achmad Effendi Kadarisman
Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora Vol 4, No 2: Juni 2016
Publisher : Pascasarjana UM

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Abstract: The present study explored verbal and nonverbal communication strategies (CSs) employed by learners both as message senders (speakers) and as message receivers (listeners) in English in a speaking class. It employed a qualitative design with an ethonography of communication approach in a limited situation setting (speaking class). Thirty two students taking Speaking II subject at the English Education of IKIP Mataram were selected by using a purposeful technique. The techniques used to collect data consisted of non-participant observation and video recording. The research findings showed that there were eleven verbal CSs employed by message senders and six non-verbal. Furthermore, on the learners’ strategies to deal with communication problems encountered by message receivers (listeners) were found as many as seven verbal strategies and seven nonverbal strategies Key Words: communication strategies (CSs), EFL Learners, speaking courseAbstrak: Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi strategi komunikasi verbal dan nonverbal yang digunakan oleh pembelajar baik sebagai pengirim pesan (pembicara) maupun sebagai penerima pesan (pendengar) untuk mengatasi masalah komunikasi dalam berkomunikasi berbahasa Inggris perkuliahan speaking. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi komunikasi dalam situasi terbatas (perkuliahan speaking). Tiga puluh dua mahasiswa yang sedang mengambil mata kuliah speaking II pada jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IKIP Mataram, dipilih dengan menggunakan purposeful technique. Teknik pengumpulan data terdiri dari observasi non partisipan dan merekam video. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada sebelas strategi verbal digunakan oleh pengirim pesan (pembicara). Sementara itu, ditemukan enam strategi nonverbal yang diterapkan oleh pembicara dalam mengatasi masalah komunikasi. Selanjutnya, ada tujuh strategi verbal yang diterapkan oleh pendengar dan ada tujuh strategi nonverbal yang diterapkan oleh pendengar: Kata kunci: strategi komunikasi, siswa EFL , pembelajaran berbicara