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All Journal Quimica : Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Terapan Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri
Zunita, Megawati
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Engineering Environmental Science

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Advancing the Production of Transparent Solid Soaps with Indonesian Natural Oils Zunita, Megawati; Yazid Bindar; Elvi Restiawaty; Syafira Pramesti; Mira Hayati
JURNAL QUIMICA Vol 7 No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Program Studi Kimia, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Samudra

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33059/jq.v7i1.12389

Abstract

Soap is created by combining sodium or potassium bases with fatty acids derived from vegetable or animal fats. Commonly used fats in soap production include palm oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil. The characteristics of the fatty acid or oil, along with the proportions of caustic soda (NaOH or KOH) and water, play a crucial role in determining the quality of the soap. Transparent soap is a solid soap in the shape of a bar that becomes see-through after the addition of a transparent component. This study developed soap by blending natural oils from Indonesia (coconut oil, palm oil, and nyamplung oil (Calophyllum Inophyllum). In addition, glycerine and a granulated sugar solution were added to the soap. Several tests are used to characterize the soap's properties, such as transparency, water content, foam stability, and hardness. According to the test results, the most clear oil is a blend of 60% palm oil, 25% coconut oil, and 15% nyamplung oil, with a sugar-to-glycerine ratio of 1:1. The soap does not satisfy the acceptable standards due to its high water content. Palm oil soap contains the least amount of water, with a sugar-to-glycerine ratio of 3:1 and a water content of 30%. Coconut oil is noted for its stable foam and high hardness. The characteristics and weight of soap are what determine its quality. Palm oil in various ratios, such as 2:1, 1:2, and 1:3, combined with a blend of other oils, can produce a high-quality transparent soap that fits specified requirements
Selecting Indonesia’s Iron and Steel Industry Mitigation Pathways Based on AIM/End-use Assessment Dewi, Retno Gumilang; Zunita, Megawati; Sevie, Gissa Navira; Kifnasih, Nirma Afrisanti; Syaftika, Novi
Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri Vol. 15 No. 1 (2024): May
Publisher : Balai Besar Standardisasi dan Pelayanan Jasa Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21771/jrtppi.2024.v15.no1.p21-32

Abstract

The measurement of mitigation pathways is important for Indonesia’s iron and steel industry in terms of reducing GHG emissions. This study conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to assess the economic impacts with associated emission reduction potential of different mitigation strategies by developing an Abatement Cost Curve (ACC) that selects the mitigation option based on the logic of the AIM/End-use model up to 2050. The model was established through the baseline scenario, and the following appropriate mitigation options: adjusting the production structure (CM1), increasing energy efficiency by promoting low carbon technology and non-blast furnace technology that is un-implemented early in modeling years in Indonesia will be included for future reference (CM2), and switching from fossil fuels to low emission fuels (CM3). Results show that the selected technology roadmap from the abatement cost curve below carbon tax 110 US$/tCO2e in 2050 could lead to the most optimal emission reduction of 19.8 MtCO2e, 50.2 MtCO2e, 54.84 MtCO2e with investment costs 93.55 million US$, 1086 million US$, and 1183 million US$ in the scenarios CM1, CM2, and CM3, respectively. The effectiveness of each mitigation action reveals that energy savings and emission reduction from energy will rely mostly on promoting low-carbon technologies. The most effective strategy to reduce emissions from IPPU is to adjust the production structure.
Co-Authors Dewi, Retno Gumilang Elvi Restiawaty Kifnasih, Nirma Afrisanti Mira Hayati Sevie, Gissa Navira Syafira Pramesti Syaftika, Novi Yazid Bindar