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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Mohd Shariff, Khairul Khaizi
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Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Spectral estimator effects on accuracy of speed-over-ground radar Mohd Shariff, Khairul Khaizi; Zainuddin, Suraya; Abdul Aziz, Noor Hafizah; Abd Rashid, Nur Emileen; Zalina Zakaria, Nor Ayu
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 12, No 4: August 2022
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3900-3910

Abstract

Spectral estimation is a critical signal processing step in speed-over-ground (SoG) radar. It is argued that, for accurate speed estimation, spectral estimation should use low bias and variance estimator. However, there is no evaluation on spectral estimation techniques in terms of estimating mean Doppler frequency to date. In this paper, we evaluate two common spectral estimation techniques, namely periodogram based on Fourier transformation and the autoregressive (AR) based on burg algorithm. These spectral estimators are evaluated in terms of their bias and variance in estimating a mean frequency. For this purpose, the spectral estimators are evaluated with different Doppler signals that varied in mean frequency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Results in this study indicates that the periodogram method performs well in most of the tests while the AR method did not perform as well as these but offered a slight improvement over the periodogram in terms of variance.
CGDE-YOLOv5n: a real-time safety helmet-wearing detection algorithm Luo, Wanbo; Mohd Yassin, Ahmad Ihsan; Mohd Shariff, Khairul Khaizi; Raju, Rajeswari
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 38, No 3: June 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v38.i3.pp1765-1781

Abstract

Due to numerous parameters and calculations, existing safety helmetwearing detection models are challenging to deploy on embedded devices. Therefore, this paper proposed a you only look once (YOLO) v5n-based lightweight detection algorithm called CGDE-YOLOv5n to address the shortcomings in the following areas: (i) the YOLOv5n algorithm was selected to minimize the model’s parameters and calculations, reducing the hardware cost. (ii) The convolutional block attention module (CBAM) was integrated into the backbone to enhance the network’s feature extraction capability. (iii) The neck was improved using the efficient re-parameterized generalized feature pyramid network (efficient RepGFPN) to enhance the multi-scale object detection capability. (iv) The C3 module was improved using the deformable ConvNets v2 (DCNv2) module to enhance the network’s adaptability to geometric changes of objects. (v) The complete intersection over union (CIoU) loss was replaced with focal-efficient IoU (focal-EIoU) loss to reduce the missed detection rate. Experimental results demonstrated that the customized gradient descent estimation (CGDE)- YOLOv5n achieved a mean average precision (mAP) 50 of 89.5% and recall of 84%, which is 1% and 0.8% higher than the YOLOv5n. In particular, the recall of workers not wearing safety helmets increased by 1.7%. Furthermore, the improved model achieved a detection speed of 68.5 frames per second (FPS), meeting the real-time requirements.
Co-Authors Abd Rashid, Nur Emileen Abdul Aziz, Noor Hafizah Luo, Wanbo Mohd Yassin, Ahmad Ihsan Raju, Rajeswari Zainuddin, Suraya Zalina Zakaria, Nor Ayu