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All Journal MANASA, Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi
Coenen, Anton
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Social Sciences

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A BIOLOGICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW ON AGEING Coenen, Anton
MANASA Vol. 2 No. 1 (2013): Juni, 2013
Publisher : Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

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In this paper two major views on ageing: the ‘genetic’ (‘programmed’) types of theories and the ‘wear-and-tear’ (‘damage’ or ‘error’) theories are presented. The genetic theories, saying that specific genes regulate ageing, explain the species differences better, while the wear-and-tear theories, implying that damages in the genome lead to ageing, explain the male-female differences better. The ‘survival curve’ (human’s survival as a function of time), shows that the maximum age is fixed, but that the average age still increases. Good food, a safe hygienic environment and adequate medical care play a positive role in human longevity. Notwithstanding that it can be stated that ageing is associated with somatic and, in particular, with cognitive decline. Brain degeneration as expressed in the diseases of Alzheimer and Parkinson are rather typical ageing disorders. However, natural ageing is also accompanied by mental and physical decline, presumably due to brain cell loss and loss of contacts between nerve cells. Presently, it becomes more and more clear that the decline due to ageing can be delayed or slowed down to a certain degree. Keeping the body and the brain active might be associated by a reduction in the loss of synapses, or even in the formation of extra synapses. This forms a compensation buffer for the decrease of general bodily processes, including cognitive functions. Especially, elderly people complain about memory problems. The memory decline is particularly in episodic memory. However, the procedural memory (for the performance of complex activities and skills) does not decline and the semantic memory (the memory concerned with meanings and concepts) even sometimes profits of the rise in age. Though old people have episodic memory problems, they have compensating types of memory, which delivers them to have an adequate response to life situations. This can be regarded as an increase in wisdom
BRAIN DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH DEMENTIA Coenen, Anton
MANASA Vol. 5 No. 1 (2016): Juni, 2016
Publisher : Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

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This paper addresses the mental decline and dementia of patients suffering from brain disorders. The most common of these neurological illnesses is Alzheimer’s disease, characterized by a progressive atrophy of cortical brain areas. Alzheimer’s disease accounts by far for the largest part of all dementias and is presently one of the most serious disorders, causing an immense burden on patients and society. Vascular dementia is noticed when the brain’s supply of blood is disrupted by strokes or other vessel pathologies and just as in Alzheimer’s this leads to cortical atrophy with almost identical symptoms. Since the distinction between Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia is a gradual one, mixed pathologies are rather common. Rarer causes of dementia are frontotemporal dementia, with pathologies mainly in frontal and temporal brain regions, Parkinson’s disease with atrophy in basal ganglia which leads to motor disturbances and at times to mental decline, Lewy body dementia caused by abnormal deposits in the brain resulting in considerable damages of neural cells, and Huntington’s disease, a genetic disorder with widely dispersed brain atrophy characterized by mixed Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s symptoms. Presently, for the most part the cease of the progressive course of all these disorders is not possible. The last two disorders mentioned in this paper are normal pressure hydrocephalus, with a reduced absorption of ventricular fluid, and Korsakoff’s syndrome, caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1. In normal pressure hydrocephalus a brain shunt may reverse the pathological symptoms, while a vitamin B1 diet could improve the symptoms of Korsakoff’s syndrome. Diagnosis, symptoms and pathologies of all disorders are presented in this paper.
‘MISTERI TIDUR’ ….. OR….. WHAT IS SLEEP? Coenen, Anton
MANASA Vol. 1 No. 1 (2012): Juni, 2012
Publisher : Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

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An overview on the topic of sleep is presented. Two assumed functions of sleep are highlighted: the restorative hypothesis, implying that (deep) sleep is involved in body restoration, and the information processing hypothesis, saying that sleep plays a role in memory consolidation. The structure of sleep, with its three main characteristics (deep sleep occurring in the first part of the night and light sleep in the second part, while REM sleep appears in cyclical phases during the entire bedtime) is described. Detailed information is provided for REM sleep, given its strict relationship with dreaming, a still enigmatic process. It is emphasized that sleep is a circadian rhythm, coupled to the light-dark and the body temperature cycles. The length of the nightly sleep in relation to healthiness is discussed, as well as the cognitive capabilities of a sleeping brain. Poor sleep and sleep disorders are frequently occurring phenomena whereas the cause of psychophysiological insomnia is also indicated. Snoring and the relation with sleeping postures pass in review, as well the disorder of sleep apnoea. A description isgiven of CPAP, an efficient treatment for sleep apnoea. This sleep review is closed by the sickness narcolepsy, whereby (REM) sleep irresistible intrudes in waking life.
THE MYSTERY OF DREAMING AND REM SLEEP Coenen, Anton
MANASA Vol. 9 No. 1 (2020): Juni, 2020
Publisher : Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25170/manasa.v9i1.1974

Abstract

Sleep is usually related to dreaming. However, it is still unknown why people dream and what is the importance of having a dream. This article will explore previous theories regarding dreaming and its association with REM sleep. The earliest research on sleeping and dreaming was marked by Eugene Aserinsky and professor Nathaniel Kleitman, which found a new stage of sleep called rapid eye movement or REM sleep. Then William Dement developed more research specifically in the field of dream observation. Both Aserinsky and Dement, along with Kleitman as their supervisor, became pioneers in sleep and dream studies. More studies were then developed with theory and hypothesis that tried to explain the mystery of dreaming, such as psychoanalytical dream theory and the activation – synthesis hypothesis. Despite both perspectives were opposed, those studies helped researcher in the field of dream to understand the relation between dreaming and REM sleep. Future research is needed in order to conduct a reliable interpretation of the manifest dream content and a stronger scientific basis in understanding the latent content of the dream.
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