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All Journal Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Khairul Anuar Mohamad
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Morphological, structural and electrical properties of pentacene thin films grown via thermal evaporation technique Fatin Nor Ahmad; Yusmar Palapa Wijaya; Khairul Anuar Mohamad; Nafarizal Nayan; Megat Muhammad Ikhsan Megat Hasnan; Afishah Alias; Bablu Kumar Ghosh
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 10, No 3: June 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i3.3029

Abstract

The physical and structural characteristics of pentacene thin films on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass were studied. The pentacene films were deposited using the thermal evaporation method with deposition times of 20, 30, and 60 minutes. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed that film thickness increased with deposition time, with a bulk phase layer appearing at 60 minutes. The presence of the thin-film phase corresponding to 15.5 Å lattice spacing was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns in pentacene films with deposition times of 20 and 30 minutes. Meanwhile, with a deposition time of 60 minutes and a lattice spacing of 14.5 Å, the existence of the bulk phase was verified in the pentacene film. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the crystallinity of the pentacene films revealed that the pentacene films deposited on ITO-coated glass exhibited the formation of similar islands with modular grains, results in a fine crystalline structure. From the current-voltage (I-V) and current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics, the pentacene films were ohmic and that current increased as the pentacene’s thickness decreased. Pentacene films deposited on an ITO-coated glass substrate showed potential in the development of broadband and narrowband optoelectronic devices on a transparent substrate.
Evaluating solar photovoltaic panel orientations for an open-field internet of things framework Khairul Anuar Mohamad; Mohamad Syahmi Nordin; Hairul Hafizi Hasnan; Ahmad Fateh Mohamad Nor; Rohaiza Hamdan; Nazirah Mohamad Abdullah; Nor Anija Jalaludin
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 15, No 1: February 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v15i1.10597

Abstract

This paper presents a comparative experimental analysis of horizontal, vertical, and 45° tilt photovoltaic (PV) panel orientations, evaluated with and without load conditions in a tropical environment. Simultaneous measurements of open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), and average power were conducted over three consecutive days to facilitate orientation-specific performance comparisons. Results show that the horizontal orientation demonstrated robust midday performance, achieving 3.65 W with load on one of the test day, but declined sharply in post-noon periods. The vertical orientation consistently produced lower average power outputs, approximately 3.1 W with load. As a reference, the 45° tilt consistently produced the highest output, with average load powers of 3.77 W, 3.41 W, and 3.64 W over the three days. This performance exceeded horizontal orientations by 2–5% and vertical orientations by 15–20%. Both horizontal and tilt orientations consistently surpassed internet of things (IoT) operational thresholds of 3.3–5.0 V and 100–200 mA required for low power sensor nodes, ensuring excess energy for storage. In contrast, the vertical orientation posed a risk of inadequate current in late afternoon periods. Thus, the results indicate that the orientation selection should be environment-driven. Horizontal or tilted orientations are suitable for rural and open-field IoT settings, while vertical orientations are advantageous for space-constrained or dust-prone environments.
Co-Authors Afishah Alias Ahmad Fateh Mohamad Nor Bablu Kumar Ghosh Fatin Nor Ahmad Hairul Hafizi Hasnan Megat Muhammad Ikhsan Megat Hasnan Mohamad Syahmi Nordin Nafarizal Nayan Nazirah Mohamad Abdullah Nor Anija Jalaludin Rohaiza Hamdan Yusmar Palapa Wijaya