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All Journal Makara Journal of Technology Structures, Infrastructure, Planning, Implementation, and Legislation
Darius Arkwright
Department Of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty Of Science And Technology, Halmahera University, Tobelo 97762, Indonesia
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Application of Empirical Orthogonal Function Models to Analyze Shoreline Change at Bangkalan Madura Arkwright, Darius; Suntoyo, Suntoyo
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 15, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Bangkalan’s shoreline, especially on the opposite side of Surabaya, has been evaluated to determine the morphological changes due to wave attack, near-shore current, long-shore sediment transport and coastal configuration. This research aims to determine the dominant patterns of variation of Bangkalan’s shoreline change, expressed by Eigen-function in empirical orthogonal function (EOF) models. That was started with data collection such as oceanographic data (wave and tidal), bathymetry and topographic map and sediment data. All data was used for forecasting two-monthly shoreline. Coordinate of two-monthly shoreline was used as input of EOF model. The first Eigen mode is a profile of shoreline equilibrium. The second Eigen mode shows pivot point that separates the different behaviors, which indicates a positive balance of shoreline from the direction of the dominant force. The models execution based on 1986’s shoreline show the shoreline change significantly at some cells e.g. around Suramadu bridge (cell 1-40), Batuporon (cell 70-100), Jungdima (cell 142-170) and at Kamal port (cell 230-250). The model of shoreline change using EOF was validated with the One-line model and data of 1995’s map’s shoreline. The E.O.F. value of model RMSE, 0.02, is less than the root mean square error (RMSE) value of One-line model, 0.04, which shows that the EOF model performance better than One-line models.
Impact of Giant Sea Wall Construction on Surrounding Current Patterns and Abrasion Rates: A Numerical Hydrodynamic Simulation of Marine Dynamics Darius Arkwright; Andre Kusuma Putra
Structures, Infrastructure, Planning, Implementation, and Legislation Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): April,2026
Publisher : CV. Get Press Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69855/sipil.v2i1.573

Abstract

The increasing trend of global sea level rise and localized land subsidence in Jakarta Bay has led to the consideration of large-scale coastal protection measures, yet the hydrodynamic consequences of such infrastructure remain insufficiently quantified. This study evaluates the impact of the Giant Sea Wall (GSW) on local current patterns and coastal morphology using a validated three-dimensional numerical simulation. The study focuses on a 25 × 30 km domain in Jakarta Bay, integrating high-resolution bathymetric data (BATNAS), wind time series from BMKG, and tidal harmonic components from BIG. A finite volume scheme on an unstructured mesh is applied to solve the shallow water equations, with validation showing a correlation coefficient of 0.92 against observed tidal data from Pushidrosal. Simulation results suggest that current velocities may increase to approximately 0.62 m/s near structural termini, potentially inducing localized scouring and increased abrasion rates in down-drift areas, with a projected shoreline recession of approximately 3.5 m/year under modeled conditions. These findings indicate that while the GSW can reduce tidal flooding in protected urban areas, it may also redistribute hydrodynamic energy toward adjacent coastal zones, increasing erosion risks. Adaptive strategies, including sediment nourishment and permeable structural designs, should therefore be considered. Future research is recommended to incorporate fully coupled morphodynamic models to improve long-term projections.
Co-Authors Andre Kusuma Putra