Ni Putu Ratni
Universitas Hindu Negeri I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar

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Fungsi Dan Keistimewaan Makna Candi Prambanan Bagi Umat Hindu Di Indonesia Ni Putu Ratni
Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu Vol 4 No 4 (2020)
Publisher : Jayapangus Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1346.138 KB)

Abstract

This research is a qualitative research that examines the divine meaning of the Prambanan Temple for Hindus in Indonesia. This research was conducted at the Prambanan Temple Complex, Central Java, the National Museum of Indonesia, the Jakarta National Library, and the Yogyakarta Archaeological Agency. Data analysis was performed using qualitative analysis known as Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA), a combination of objective content analysis with participant observation. Prambanan is a Hindu temple complex built using the Vāstupuruṣamaṇḍala concept, a development concept carefully designed to present Devata as the center of the mandala on earth. The construction of the Prambanan temple uses the calculation of Vāstu Śāstra-Śilpa Śāstra, starting with careful selection of the place, carrying out the preliminary ceremonies before construction to development, and setting up statues in the temple. Previous researchers concluded that Prambanan was built during the golden age of the Sailendra dynasty, which lasted for 110 years (750 - 860 AD). The construction involved several Brahmins, Śilpins, and various other skills and took a long time. The original name of the Prambanan Temple is Śivagrha which means the House of Śiva or Śivalaya-realm Śiva is also Lord iva's stana. Śivagrha is a temple complex worshiping the Tri Murti of Brahma, Visnu, and Śiva, as Creator, Preserver, and Consolidator. However, from the building's structure and the search for the text, this temple has a Śivaistic concept, that is, Śiva is worshiped as the supreme Devata. However, it also attracts other devotees and unites them, with the construction of other devatas worshiped in the various temples in the complex. Thus, Prambanan became a center of Hindu worship, a center of study, a center for Brahmin activity, a spiritual center, and a yatra destination. Prambanan is a Hindu Masterpiece, is useful in the past, but after twelve centuries, it continues to provide benefits to the surrounding community, local government, and state. This beautiful temple should continue to be cared for and sanctified as a very magnificent temple in Indonesia.
The Investigation of The Factors Affecting Students’ Speaking Difficulties in EFL Classroom at SMP Negeri 12 Denpasar Ni Nyoman Tria Radharani Mahima Della; Ni Putu Ratni; Made Iwan Indrawan Jendra
Educational Journal Vol. 1 No. 4 (2026): MAY-JULY
Publisher : Indo Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63822/pgpxrq73

Abstract

This study highlights the importance of understanding students’ speaking difficulties in order to improve the quality of English language teaching, particularly in junior high school. Many students still face problems in expressing their ideas orally, even when they understand the material. These difficulties indicate that speaking is not only influenced by linguistic ability but also by emotional and cognitive factors. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the types of students’ speaking difficulties and the factors affecting those difficulties in class VII-B SMP Negeri 12 Denpasar. This study employed a descriptive qualitative research design. The data were collected through classroom observation, interviews with one teacher and three students, and documentation. The analysis was conducted using qualitative data analysis techniques, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The study was supported by two main theories, namely Humanistic Learning Theory and Cognitive Theory, to explain both emotional and mental aspects of speaking difficulties. Data validity was ensured through triangulation of sources and techniques. The findings revealed that students experienced several speaking difficulties, including fear of making mistakes, difficulty in speaking in front of the class, hesitation when speaking, limited vocabulary, and difficulties in grammar and pronunciation. These difficulties were influenced by psychological factors, linguistic factors, cognitive factors, and external factors. These factors were interconnected and contributed to students’ low speaking performance. The study concludes that students’ speaking difficulties are complex and influenced by multiple factors that must be addressed simultaneously.