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All Journal Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum DE'JURE: Kajian Ilmiah Hukum Padjadjaran Journal of International Law
Davina Oktivana
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Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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ARREST AND DETENTION OF ‘BOAT PEOPLE’ IN INDONESIA TERRITORY WATER Davina Oktivana
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 1 No. 1 (2017): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 1, Number 1, January 2017
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v1i1.277

Abstract

AbstractAs a Coastal State, Indonesia has full sovereignty to implement its national regulations to prevent illegal fishing in their territorial waters. One example of prevention effort can be pointed out by the arrest and detention of hundreds of ‘boat people’ while they were conducting illegal fishing in Derawan Islands territory waters, East Kalimantan. They did transshipment and their fishing methods were prohibited regarding to Indonesian regulations. The issue of illegal fishing will be analyzed in regard to international law and as a part of the enforcement of Coastal State sovereignty. ‘Boat people’ refer to a group of people who spend most of their life and do all their activities in a boat, within the territorial waters of Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. The ‘boat people’ issues would be determined from two conceptions. The first one would be nationality issue. Most of the ‘boat people’ were proven to be stateless while few of them have been identified as citizen of Philippines. Indonesia and Malaysia authorities denied and did not recognize them as part of their nationality. It was contrary from what ‘boat people’ were claiming that they were originally from Semporna, Malaysia. Indonesia itself considered ‘boat people’ as a foreign fishers. There will be diverse approaches in dealing with those who hold a nationality and those who do not. The second conception would be concerning to the terminology of ‘traditional fishers’ and ‘traditional fishing rights’ based on international law and national regulation, and how state practices implement it. Furthermore, there would be comparison of international practices related to traditional fishing rights based on international law.Keywords: ‘boat people’, illegal fishing, nationality, stateless person, traditional fishing rights. AbstrakSebagai negara pantai, Indonesia mempunyai kedaulatan penuh untuk mengimplementasikan kebijakan nasionalnya untuk mencegah penangkapan ikan ilegal di wilayah perairan teritorialnya. Salah satu contoh dari tindakan pencegahan adalah penangkapan dan penahanan ratusan ‘manusia perahu’ pada saat mereka melakukan penangkapan ikan secara ilegal di perairan kepulauan Derawan, Kalimantan Timur. Mereka melakukan transit dan penangkapan ikan dengan metode yang dilarang oleh hukum Indonesia. Isu penangkapan ikan ilegal akan dianalisa dengan hukum internasional dan sebagai bagian dari penegakan kedaualatan negara pantai. ‘Manusia perahu’ mengacu pada sejumlah orang yang menghabiskan sebagian besar aktivitas hidupnya dalam kapal, dalam peraairan teritorial Indonesia, Malaysia dan Filiphina. ‘Manusia perahu’ berkenaan dengan dua konsep. Pertama adalah isu nasionalitas. Kebanyakan ‘manusia perahu’ terbukti tidak mempunyai kewarganegaraan, sedangkan sebagian dari mereka sudah diidentifikasi sebagai warga negara Filiphina. Otoritas Indonesia dan Malaysia tidak mengakui mereka sebagai bagian dari warga negara kedua negara ini. Hal ini sangat berlawanan dengan ‘manusia perahu’ yang melakukan klaim bahwa mereka berasal dari Semporna, Malaysia. Indonesia sendiri menganggap ‘manusia perahu’ sebagai penangkap ikan asing. Ada beberapa cara dalam menangani mereka yang telah mempunyai kewarganegaraan dan mana yang belum. Konsepsi kedua adalah berkenaan dengan terminilogi ‘penangkap ikan tradisional’ dan ‘hak menangkap ikan secara tradisional’ berdasarkan hukum internasional dan peraturan nasional, dan bagaimana praktik negara diimplementasikan. Lebih lanjut lagi, akan ada perbandingan mengenai praktik internasional berkenaan dengan hak memancing tradisional berdasarkan hukum internasional. Kata Kunci: ‘manusia perahu’, illegal fishing, kebangsaan, tak berkewarganegaraan, hak nelayan tradisional.
DAMPAK PENERAPAN PRINSIP COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND DI KAWASAN DASAR LAUT DAN SAMUDERA YANG BERADA DI LUAR YURISDIKSI NASIONAL SERTA PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL DI KAWASAN TERSEBUT BERDASARKAN HUKUM Davina Oktivana
Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum DE'JURE: Kajian Ilmiah Hukum Vol 1 No 1 (2016): Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum DE'JURE: Kajian Ilmiah Hukum Volume 1 Nomor 1
Publisher : Lembaga Kajian Hukum, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (183.203 KB) | DOI: 10.35706/dejure.v1i1.409

Abstract

ABSTRAKDasar laut dan dasar samudera diketahui sebagai lokasi di mana banyak ditemukan sumber non-hayati berupa batu-batuan yang kaya akan kandungan logam dan mineral. Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982 mengatur dasar laut dan samudera yang berada di luar yurisdiksi nasional atau disebut sebagai Kawasan, serta pemanfaatan sumber daya non-hayati khususnya sumber daya mineral dengan menerapkan prinsip common heritage of mankind. Seluruh aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi di Kawasan diatur oleh International Seabed Authority (ISBA). ISBA memiliki kewenangan dalam menentukan Negara atau perusahaan mana yang akan melakukan penambangan, lokasi mana yang dapat dilakukan penambangan, jangka waktu serta biaya yang ditetapkan. Dalam tulisan ini akan ditelusuri bagaimana aspek hukum konsep benefit for mankind dan benefit sharing dalam penerapan prinsip common heritage of mankind terhadap Kawasan dan sumber daya mineral yang terkandung di dalamnya, dimulai sejak kemunculannya dan perkembangan yang menyertainya, kemudian bagaimana aspek-aspek lain yang mempengaruhi penerapan prinsip tersebut. Terakhir, akan dijelaskan mengenai dampak terhadap perlindungan lingkungan laut yang muncul akibat kegiatan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi terhadap sumber daya mineral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan prinsip common heritage of mankind melahirkan konsep benefit for mankind dan benefit sharing dalam kegiatan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya mineral di Kawasan. Konsep benefit for mankind berarti semua negara tanpa terkecuali memiliki hak yang sama untuk melakukan kegiatan di Kawasan, sementara benefit sharing adalah pembagian keuntungan dari Negara-negara penambang yang di distribusikan secara merata kepada negara dengan status least-developed atau negara tidak berpantai (land-locked states). Terdapat pengaturan secara zonasi dan pembedaan spesies dalam upaya melakukan tindakan konservasi, serta pengaturan khusus mengenai pencemaran lingkungan laut oleh aktivitas penambangan di Kawasan berdasarkan KHL 1982, 1994 Agreement, The Mining Code (ISBA) maupun prinsip-prinsip yang berlaku berdasarkan hukum kebiasaan internasional.Kata kunci: Common Heritage of Mankind, Kawasan Dasar Laut, Sumber Daya Mineral.ABSTRACTSeabed and ocean floor known as the site where many non-biological sources found in the form of rocks rich in metals and minerals. Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 regulates the of oceans and seas which are beyond national jurisdiction or referred to as the Region, as well as the utilization of non-living resources, especially mineral resources by applying the principle of common heritage of mankind. All activities related to the exploration and exploitation in the area governed by the International Seabed Authority (ISBA). ISBA have the authority to determine the country or which company will do mine, which location do mining, as well as the time period a set fee. In this article will explore how the legal aspects of the concept of benefit for mankind and benefit sharing in the application of the principle of common heritage of mankind against the Region and mineral resources contained therein, starting from its origins and developments that accompany it, then what about the other aspects that affect the application of the principle. The last, in this article will explain the impact on the protection of the marine environment arising from the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. The results showed that the application of the principle of common heritage of mankind gave birth to the concept of benefit for mankind and benefit sharing in the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the Area. The concept of benefit for mankind means all countries without exception have the same rights to perform activities in the Region, while benefit sharing is the sharing of benefits from countries miners were distributed evenly to the state or the status of least-developed countries are not locked (land-locked states). There are zoning regulation and differentiation of species in an effort to make conservation measures, as well as special arrangements regarding pollution of the marine environment by mining activities in the area based KHL 1982, 1994 Agreement, The Mining Code (ISBA) and the principles that apply under customary international law.Keywords: Common Heritage of Mankind, Seabed Area, Mineral Resources.
Fisheries Conservation and Marine Protected Area Establishment in Indonesia Davina Oktivana
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, Volume 7, Number 1, January 2023
Publisher : International Law Department, Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/pjil.v7i1.1202

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) aim to protect marine ecosystems or habitats within ecologically meaningful boundaries. MPAs are based on the combination of the conservation of marine living resources and the protection of marine habitats or ecosystems. The objective of MPA is to balance diverse societal objectives by taking into account the knowledge and uncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human components of ecosystems and their interactions and applying an integrated approach to fisheries within eco-relevant boundaries in an integrated manner. The traditional approach provided in 1982 LOCS (zonal management approach and species-based approach) needs to be revised to be implemented under the MPA concept to achieve MPA objectives. In comparison, the ecosystem-based and precautionary approaches are ideally suited to be applied with MPA conception. The most prominent feature of the precautionary approach is scientific evidence, which is essential for establishing a protected area. This paper is a review of Indonesia's implementation to achieve sustainable fisheries, particularly the environmental aspect. Particular attention must be given to the fact that there is no correlation between Indonesian MPAs and IFMAs. The RPJMN focuses on capture fish that take into account the MSY value and eliminate the constraints by strengthening management and institutionalization of IFMAs, optimizing fishery productivity, and harmonizing marine spatial planning, particularly in the coastal areas and small islands. This paper also discusses the impact of Indonesian maritime zones on the environment and marine areas. The results of the report show that Indonesian marine zones are vulnerable to IUUF, especially in the Natuna Sea, and the enforcement of the Indonesian laws and regulations focused on the IUFF could be better, but it can also be used to protect the violation in conservation areas. MMAF Regulation 22/2021 can be considered as one aspect required in EAFM to provide scientific evidence (TAC and MSY level) that enables sustainable development in fisheries.
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