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Jude Iloabuchi Obianyo
Department of Civil Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State,
Environmental Science

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Efficiencies of Horizontal and Vertical Baffle Mixers Jude Iloabuchi Obianyo; J. C. Agunwamba
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 3 (2019): June
Publisher : Ital Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1262.065 KB) | DOI: 10.28991/esj-2019-01176

Abstract

Efficiencies of sedimentation tanks with horizontal and vertical baffle mixers were studied, compared, and also to determine the optima values of factors of clarification in the sedimentation tanks. These are the discharge, basin baffle spacing and dosing factors, thereby comprises three factors at five levels for a 5k factorial design model. 2.0 mg/l of clay solution was introduced into the basin at discharge rates of 48.75 ml/s, 55.07 ml/s, 60.34 ml/s, 62.45 ml/s and 63.27 ml/s respectively. Alum solution was introduced as coagulant at the inlet of the basin, samples were collected both from the basin and the outlet and concentrations of flocs were measured. Plots of variation of total outlet and average outlet floc with dosing rates for horizontal and vertical mixers show that vertical mixers are better only at discharge of 48.75 ml/s, but horizontal mixers are better at 55.05 ml/s, 60.34 ml/s, 62.45 ml/s and 63.27 ml/s.  Variation of grand total floc with dosing rates is also in favour of horizontal mixers. Plots of outlet floc against dosing rates at 48.75 ml/s discharge show that horizontal mixer spaced at 100 mm is better with maximum sediment/floc of 333  10-4 g at a dosing rate of 0.55 ml/s, at 55.07 ml/s discharge vertical mixer is better with 250 mm spacing giving maximum sediment of 985 10-4 g at a dosing rate of 0.95 ml/s. For 60.34 ml/s discharge, horizontal mixer is better at 250 mm spacing with maximum sediment of 307  10-4 g at 0.75 ml/s dosing rate. In the case of 62.45 ml/s discharge, horizontal mixer at a spacing of 300 mm is better with a maximum deposit of 335  10-4 g at a dosing rate of 0.95 ml/s, and for discharge of 63.27 ml/s, horizontal mixer is better at 150 mm spacing having a maximum sediment of 715  10-4 g for a dosing rate of 0.35 ml/s. Response surface methodology (RSM) presented by Montgomery, 2008  was further used for the analysis of data in this study for more reliable inference because it optimized the responses of these three variables. It was observed that for the vertically placed baffles, the stationary points of response surface for discharge rate, baffle spacing and dosing rate are 80.56762847 ml/s, 100.00000 mm and 0.04965779 ml/s, while for horizontally placed baffles, it was 70.636018 ml/s, 332.864704 mm and 1.402526 ml/s, however, these results indicate that horizontally placed baffle mixers are better than vertically placed baffle mixers. 
Effect of Salinity on Evaporation and the Water Cycle Jude Iloabuchi Obianyo
Emerging Science Journal Vol 3, No 4 (2019): August
Publisher : Ital Publication

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (856.409 KB) | DOI: 10.28991/esj-2019-01188

Abstract

This study is on the effect of salinity on evaporation from water bodies and its probable influence on the water cycle. Five different salts were used in this study. Different concentrations of Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, and Potassium Nitrate solutions in the neighbourhood of 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, and 0.24 g/cm3 were prepared by dissolving 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 g weights of these salts in 500 cm3 of distilled water. The first evaporation could contain only 500 cm3 of distilled water and served as the control experiment. The solutions were introduced into evaporation cans, each with a capacity of 700 cm3, stored at room temperature, and evaporation was allowed to take place. Evaporation from the cans was measured at 24 hour intervals for a period of 14 days. Results showed that in all salts, as salinity increases, evaporation is reduced. On the 10th day, evaporation retardation factors for Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, and Potassium Nitrate were found to be 0.800, 0.490, 0.712, 0.820, and 0.822, respectively. Ratios of evaporation retardation factors were 1:1.6327 for Sodium Hydroxide: Magnesium Sulphate; 1:1.4531 for Sodium Hydroxide: Sodium Chloride; 1:1.6735 for Sodium Hydroxide: Magnesium Sulphate; 1:1.4531 for Sodium Hydroxide: Sodium Chloride; 1:1.6327 for Sodium Hydroxide: Ammonium Chloride and 1:1.6776 for Sodium Hydroxide: Potassium Nitrate solutions. The highest evaporation took place in Potassium Nitrate solution at an ultimate concentration of 0.24 g/cm3. This was followed by Ammonium Chloride, Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride and Sodium Hydroxide. This salinity effect will impact on the outflow parameter in the water cycle with a consequent reduction in evaporation, which reduces precipitation. Hence, the formation of rain in the cloud will be inhibited and ultimately lead to climate change.
Co-Authors J. C. Agunwamba