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All Journal IPTEKMA Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) Ecotrophic, Journal of Environmental Science INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
I Gusti Agung Gede Bawa
Fakultas MIPA Universitas Udayana
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Education Energy Environmental Science

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ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA AKTIF ANTI BAKTERI PADA DAUN HERBA SISIK NAGA (Drymoglossum piloselloides Presl.) Gde Agus Surya Cahyadi; I Gusti Agung Gede Bawa; Emmy Sahara
Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) Vol. 8, No. 1 Januari 2014
Publisher : Program Studi Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Udayana (Program of Study in Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University), Bali, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (243.024 KB) | DOI: 10.24843/JCHEM.2014.v08.i01.p14

Abstract

This paper discusses the isolation and identification of active compounds from the anti bacterial herb leaf of dragon scales (Drymoglossum piloselloides Presl.). 500 grams of dried leaf powder of dragon scales produced 26.4376 grams of concentrate ethanol extract. Phytochemical test showed that the ethanol extract containing compounds of flavonoid, triterpenoid and polyphenol. The results of the partition of the ethanol extract using n - hexane, chloroform and n - butanol, followed by evaporating yielded 3.8824 g of  concentrate extract of n- hexane, 9.1124 grams of concentrate extract of chloroform and 4.4921 grams of concentrate extract of n-butanol. Anti-bacterial activity assay sugested that the concentrate extract of n - butanol showed the greatest inhibition activity against bacteria of Staphyloccocus aureus, which was of 0.90 cm. The concentrate extract of n - butanol was then separated and purified, and hence 0.2323 grams of anti- bacterial extract was obtained. The result of the phytochemical test showed that the active isolate of herb leaf of dragon scales was flavonoid compound. Identification by UV - Vis spectrophotometry gave two absorption bands in the ultraviolet region. The first band was at the wavelength of 318.00 nm and the second one at the wavelength of 271.50 nm. These results indicated that the active isolates containing electronic transitions of  ? ? ?* of an aromatic compound and  n ? ?* of an aromatic compound as well which are the characteristic of flavonoid compounds.  Identification by infrared spectrophotometry showed that the active isolates containing hydroxyl group (- OH ) which appeared at the wave number of 3512.37 cm- 1 ; o - hydroxy aryl ketones at the wave numbers of 2924.09 cm??- 1 and 2858.51 cm- 1 with medium intensity and broaden band. It was also observed the presence of benzene trisubstituted (1,2,3 or 1,3,5 - trisubstituted) at the wavelength of 1734.01 cm- 1 with medium intensity and broaden band.
ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA TERPENOID YANG AKTIF ANTIBAKTERI PADA HERBA MENIRAN (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) I W. G. Gunawan; I G. A. Gede Bawa; N. L. Sutrisnayanti
Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) Vol. 2, No. 1 Januari 2008
Publisher : Program Studi Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Udayana (Program of Study in Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University), Bali, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1497.774 KB)

Abstract

Isolation and identification of terpenoid, antibacterial compounds meniran herb (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) by GasChromatography – Mass Spectroscophy were carried out. Two kinds of extraction, i.e. maseration using methanoland the sochlet using n-hexane were employed.The extract obtained were contains terpenoids basedon fitochemical test of Liberman-Burchard n-hexaneextract was tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC® 25292 and Staphylococcus aureusATCC® 25293. In this study we obtained that n-hexane extract by sochlet extraction showed greater activitycompared to the extract by maseration with methanol, as indiated by disc diameter of inhibition zone. Diametricinhibition zone for these two extract are 1 mm for Escherichia coli and 0,5 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, formethanol extract, and where are 10 mm for Escherichia coli and 12 mm for Staphylococcus aureus for n-hexaneextract.The n-hexane extract was then purified using column chromatography. The pure extract was analyzed usingGas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscophy. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscophy data indicated that theextract contains two compounds, i.e. phytadiene [ M+ ] 278 and 1,2 seco – cladiellan m/z 335 [ M+ - H ].
SPESIASI DAN BIOAVAILABILITAS LOGAM Pb DALAM SEDIMEN DI KAWASAN PESISIR SANUR Sri Dian Meita Sari; I Gusti Agung Gede Bawa
ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) Vol 8 No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

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Abstract

Total content of Pb metal in sediments has been reported or published frequently, but it could not provide information about various forms of metals contained in sediments and did not show the true metal concentrations involved in the process of bioaccumulation by organisms. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the bioavailability of Pb metal and speciation the metal in various forms or compounds existing in the sediments. A quantitative analysis of total metal content, Pb in the sediments was initiated performing the digestion method using the mixture of HNO3 and HCl (3:1) in ultrasonic bath at 60 0C for 45 minutes, and continued heating on a hotplate for another 45 minutes at 140 0C. Moreover, analysis of Pb metals as bioavailability fraction was perfomed by single extraction method of EDTA and HCl, while for metal speciation fractions on each phase using Sequential Extraction Technique. Consequently, the metal concentrations of digestion and extraction solutions were measured by using an atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) technique with the aplication of calibration method. The total concentrations of Pb in sediments collected from Sanur Beach ranged from 139,9945 to 260,1521 mg/kg. The highest bioavailability of Pb obtained in sediments at site II (Sindhu Beach), in which the Pb extracted from sediments was 21.44%. Generally, the Pb metal associated in the sediments at Sanur Beach was bounded in oxidisable organic fraction (2.08 – 3.50%).
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TESTING OF THE GLYCOSIDE EXTRACT OF THE FRUIT Eggplant (Solanum betaceum Cav.) AGAINST Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. I. A. R. A. Asih; V. R. Sari; I G. A. G. Bawa
Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) Vol. 17, No.1, Januari 2023
Publisher : Program Studi Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Udayana (Program of Study in Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University), Bali, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JCHEM.2023.v17.i01.p09

Abstract

Penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus dapat ditangani dengan antibiotik. Terong belanda merupakan tanaman yang kaya nutrisi serta bermanfaat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak glikosida buah terong belanda terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus serta mengidentifikasi senyawa aktifnya. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan maserasi, pemisahan dan pemurnian dengan KLT, pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode sumur difusi, dan identifikasi senyawa aktif menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan FTIR. Maserasi 2000 gram sampel dengan etanol menghasilkan 121,90 gram ekstrak kental. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi hasil kolom (fraksi FI-V) terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli berturut-turut adalah 25,00 mm, 18,75 mm, 23,00 mm, 16,25 mm, dan 9,50 mm. Sedangkan pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus masing-masing sebesar 29,00 mm, 20,00 mm, 28,00 mm, 18,00 mm dan 11,00 mm. Hasil identifikasi fraksi paling aktif (fraksi I) dengan UV-Vis, pereaksi geser dan FTIR diduga merupakan senyawa flavonoid golongan flavon yang mengandung gugus prenil pada C-6, gugus OH pada C-5,3’,4’ dan mengikat gula pada C-7, serta mengandung gugus fungsi -OH bebas, C-H aromatik, C-O eter, C-O alkohol, C=C aromatic, dan C=O alkohol. Kata kunci : Antibakteri, Escherichia coli, flavon, Staphylococcus aureus, terong belanda ABSTRACT Infectious diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can be treated with antibiotics. Dutch eggplant is a plant rich in nutrients and useful for inhibiting the growth of bacteria. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the glycoside extract of Dutch eggplant against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and identify the active compounds of the eggplant. Extraction was carried out by maceration, while separation and purification were by TLC. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the diffusion well method, and the identification of the active compounds was done by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and FTIR. Maceration of 2000 grams of the sample with ethanol produced 121.90 grams of thick extract. The antibacterial activity test resulted in the column yield fraction (FI-V) against Escherichia coli bacteria of 25.00 mm, 18.75 mm, 23.00 mm, 16.25 mm, and 9.50 mm, respectively, while the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria of 29.00 mm, 20.00 mm, 28.00 mm, 18.00 mm, and 11.00 mm, respectively. The identification of the most active fraction (fraction I) with UV-Vis, shear reagent, and FTIR indicated the flavonoid compounds of the flavone group containing prenyl groups at C-6, OH groups at C-5,3',4' and binding sugars at C -7, and contains a free -OH functional group, aromatic CH, CO ether, CO alcohol, C = C aromatic, and C = O alcohol. Keywords: antibacterial, Escherichia coli, flavones, Solanum betaceum Cav, Staphylococcus aureus.
SPESIASI DAN BIOAVAILABILITAS Pb DAN Cu DALAM TANAH PERTANIAN ORGANIK SERTA KANDUNGAN LOGAM TOTALNYA DALAM SAYUR PAKCOY (BRASSICA RAPA L.) Sari, A. A. D. P.; Widihati, I. A. G.; Bawa, I G. A. G.
Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) Vol. 17, No.2, Juli 2023
Publisher : Program Studi Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Udayana (Program of Study in Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University), Bali, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JCHEM.2023.v17.i02.p14

Abstract

Denpasar sebagai salah satu pusat kota penghasil sayur organik di Bali dan juga sebagai daerah destinasi pariwisata, memiliki tingkat pencemaran yang relatif tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui spesiasi dan bioavailabilitas logam Pb dan Cu pada tanah dan edible part sayur pakcoy yang ditanam di Kota Denpasar. Metode untuk menentukan bioavailabilitasnya menggunakan ekstraksi bertahap dan pengukuran konsentrasi logam Pb dan Cu menggunakan Instrumen AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Spesiasi logam Pb dominan bersifat berpotensi bioavailable dengan persentase sebelum penanaman dan saat panen sebesar 90,46% dan 79,30%. Sementara itu, spesiasi logam Cu pada tanah dominan bersifat non bioavailable dengan persentase sebelum penanaman dan saat panen sebesar 55,98% dan 48,85%. Kandungan Pb dan Cu total.dalam tanah sebelum penanaman diperoleh sebesar 45,1504 mg/kg dan 84,9271 mg/kg namun, saat panen logam Pb mengalami kenaikan sebesar 99,84% dan logam Cu mengalami penurunan sebesar 12,50% dari kondisi awal. Pada bagian edible part sayur pakcoy kandungan Pb dan Cu sebesar 7,7164 mg/kg dan 20,6295 mg/kg. Berdasarkan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, sayur pakcoy pada semua lahan dalam penelitian ini tergolong tercemar logam Pb dan Cu karena melebihi ambang batas yang telah ditentukan. Kata Kunci: bioavailabilitas, logam total, pakcoy, Pb dan Cu, pertanian organik. ABSTRACT Denpasar as one of the city centers in Bali, which produces organic vegetables and is also a tourism destination, has a relatively high level of pollution. The goal of this research was to determine the speciation and bioavailability of Pb and Cu metals in soil and edible parts of Bok choy vegetables grown in Denpasar City. The method used to determine the bioavailability was sequential extraction and the Pb and Cu metal concentrations using the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) instrument. The speciation of Pb was dominantly potentially bioavailable with the percentage before planting and at harvest of 90.46% and 79.30%, respectively. Meanwhile, the speciation of Cu on the soil was dominantly non-bioavailable with the percentage before planting and at harvest of 55.98% and 48.85%, respectively. The total Pb and Cu contents in the soil before planting were 45,1504 mg/kg and 84.9271 mg/kg, but when harvested, the Pb content increased by 99.84% and the Cu content decreased by 12.50% from the initial conditions. In the edible part of the Bok choy vegetable, the Pb and Cu contents were 7.7164 mg/kg and 20.6295 mg/kg. Based on the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency, Bok choy vegetables in all lands in this study were classified as contaminated with Pb and Cu metals because they exceeded the specified threshold. Keywords: bioavailability, Bok choy, organic agriculture, total metal, Pb and Cu
VALORIZATION OF TOMATO AND CABBAGE WASTE FOR BIOHYDROGEN AND FERTILIZER PRODUCTION THROUGH TRICHODERMA-AIDED DARK FERMENTATION Suyasa, I Wayan Budiarsa; Sudiartha, Gede Adi Wiguna; Bawa, I Gusti Agung Gede; Vo, Huy Thanh; Nakamura, Shingo
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2, OCTOBER 2025
Publisher : Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v8i2.22902

Abstract

Aims: The current study aimed to investigate the feasibility of biohydrogen production from tomato and cabbage waste through dark fermentation with Trichoderma spp. supplementation to enhance substrate degradation. Methodology and results: Laboratory-scale anaerobic reactors with five different Trichoderma concentrations (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 g) were operated at room temperature for 112 days, during which hydrogen production, glucose consumption, pH, and temperature were continuously monitored. The highest cumulative hydrogen yield was observed in the treatment with 2.5 g of Trichoderma, achieving 44.65 mmol H₂/mol glucose, which is three times greater than the control. Correlation analysis revealed that optimal biohydrogen production was associated with extended incubation periods, elevated temperatures, and lower pH levels (below 6.0); however, increased concentrations of Trichoderma did not consistently enhance hydrogen yield. The liquid digestate from the best-performing reactor was applied as a biofertilizer for chilli seedlings. The 5% digestate treatment significantly promoted plant height and leaf growth compared to the control, suggesting the beneficial effects of bioactive compounds produced by Trichoderma. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: Reactor supplemented with 2.5 grams of Trichoderma exhibited the highest biohydrogen production, and a 5% digestate concentration enhanced the growth of chilli seedlings. This study demonstrates the dual potential of agricultural waste valorisation, producing renewable energy and supporting sustainable agriculture, highlighting the promising role of microbial-aided fermentation and biofertilizer applications in circular bioeconomy models.
Co-Authors A. A. Bawa Putra Anak Agung Sagung Krisna Darmawati Dewa Gde Agung Yuda Pratama Emmy Sahara Gde Agus Surya Cahyadi I Dewa Gede Putra Prabawa I G. A. G. C. A. Perbhawa I Gede Sukrawan Madi E.S. I W BUDIARSA SUYASA I W. G. Gunawan I Wayan Gede Gunawan I Wayan Suirta I. A. Gede Widihati I. A. R. A. Asih Ida Ratu Laila Kadek Agus Andika Pratama Made Wira Aditya N. L. Sutrisnayanti Nakamura, Shingo Ni Luh Putu Lilis Wirastiningsih Sari, A. A. D. P. Sri Dian Meita Sari Sudiartha, Gede Adi Wiguna V. R. Sari Vo, Huy Thanh WIWIK SUSANAH RITA