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All Journal Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business
Gudono Gudono
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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The Application of Choice-Based Conjoint Model to Study Government Authorities Preference: A Case of Traffic-Subsidy-Pollution Related Policy in Indonesia Gudono, Gudono
Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business Vol 12, No 3 (2010): September - December
Publisher : Master of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada

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Abstract

According to the UN, air pollution kills more than 3 millionpeople each year (UN-Habitat 2007). Despite the magnitude ofthe impact, delays in making decisions about the environmentare quite common among governments worldwide. The purposesof this study are twofold. First, the study is to investigate therelative strength of attributes of environmental policy such asmethods of vehicle restriction, percentage of reduction in lead (and CO2) content, and percentage of subsidy reduction. Second, the study is to test government choice when it facesconservative, “scientific,” and popular policy alternatives. Toachieve both objectives this research uses an experimentalmethod. The orthogonal design is adopted for stimuli presenta-tion and conjoint analysis is used for data analysis. The re-search participants are students of an accounting graduateprogram of a state university in Java (Indonesia).The results suggest CO2/lead reduction has the strongesteffect on policy maker preference. In addition, those policymakers tend to prefer the  status quo condition which indicatesconservative views. This is demonstrated by the tendency of theirchoice on an alternative policy package which requires minimum changes compared with the existing policies (a maximumutility of 64.3 percent vs. 28.6 percent and 7.1 percent of otheralternatives). In addition, bureaucrats tend to play “safe”(namely the reduction of lead content in gasoline) when thepossibility of resistance is imminence. Some consequences of theresearch findings are also discussed. Keywords: conjoint analysis; mixed environmental; public policy; utility function
ANALISIS ARAH KAUSALITAS (CAUSAL ORDERING) Gudono, Gudono
Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business Vol 21, No 1 (2006): January
Publisher : Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business

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Abstract

When researchers test a model that represents the effect an independent variable onanother—dependent-- variable, many researchers commonly do not further investigateabout the correctness of the causal direction of the model. Hypothesis testing of suchmodel is generally done by assuring that the model coefficients are statisticallysignificant assuming that the direction of the causality is indeed correct. Hence, thedirection of the causality of these models is simply ex ante assumed, which means that thedirection could be incorrectly stated. The effect of this mistake could be enormous,particularly if findings of the study, which adopt an incorrect causal order, are used forpolicy makingt. This study discusses two approaches in testing the causal ordering of amodel, i.e., the Granger and Sim’s tests as well as SCDTs test of causality, which couldbe either used in an experimental or nonexperimental setting. Findings of two empiricalresearches written by Gudono (2006) and Chong and Chong (2002) are discussed andused as an illustration.(Keywords: causal ordering, lagged- regression, the sequential Chi-Square Differences tests (SCDTs), Type I, Type II, and Type III errors).
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