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All Journal Bumi Lestari Agrovigor: Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri
Heri Prabowo
Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Earth & Planetary Sciences Energy Environmental Science

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Pengaruh Komposisi Media Terhadap Produksi Konidia Jamur Entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin I.G.A.A. Indrayani; Heri Prabowo
Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Vol 2, No 2 (2010): Oktober 2010
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/bultas.v2n2.2010.88-94

Abstract

Penelitian pengaruh komposisisi media dan suhu terhadap produksi konidia Beauveria bassiana dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Patologi Serangga Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang mulai Mei sampai dengan November 2009. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan komposisi media terha-dap produksi konidia B. bassiana. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah: (1) beras, (2) jagung, (3) beras+glu-kosa, (4) beras+yeast, (5) jagung+glukosa, dan (6) jagung+yeast. Setiap perlakuan disusun dalam rancang-an acak lengkap (RAL) dengan enam kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah laju pertumbuhan dan produksi konidia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beras dan jagung berpotensi menjadi media tumbuh yang baik bagi jamur B. bassiana. Proses pembentukan konidia sudah dimulai pada 3 minggu setelah inoku-lasi, lebih cepat dibanding pada media jagung (4,5 minggu). Penambahan yeast lebih nyata meningkatkan produksi konidia B. bassiana pada beras maupun jagung dibanding dengan penambahan glukosa. Rata-rata produksi konidia pada komposisi media beras+yeast dapat mencapai > 4,0 x 109 konidia/g media dan lebih tinggi dibanding produksi konidia pada media lainnya (< 3,0 x 109 konidia/g media). Study on the effects of solid medium composition and temperature on conidia production of B. bassiana was conducted at Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops Institute (IToFCRI), Malang from May to November 2009. The objective of the study was to find out the effects of different me-dium composition. Treatments used were (1) whole rice, (2) broken maize, (3) whole rice+glucose, (4) whole rice+yeast, (5) broken maize+glucose, and (6) broken maize+yeast. Each treatment was arranged in randomized complete design (RCD) with six replications. Parameters observed were growth rate and conidial production of B. bassiana at room temperature. Results showed that whole rice and broken maize could be used as solid medium for B. bassiana. Conidia production was faster on most of medium based on whole rice than that on broken maize. On whole rice medium conidia of B. bassiana were produced about 10 days earlier than that on broken maize. Yeast and glucose addition into medium was able to speed up the fungi growth and to increase conidia production. Addition of yeast potentialy increased conidia production com-pared with other medium with glucose addition. Average production of conidia on whole rice+yeast was more than 4,0 x 109 conidia/g medium compared with any other medium composition that produced less than 3,0 x 109 conidia/g medium.
Pengaruh Ukuran Sampel dan Lama Waktu Destilasi terhadap Rendemen Minyak Atsiri Tembakau Lokal Indonesia Elda Nurnasari; Heri Prabowo
Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Vol 11, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER 2019
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/btsm.v11n2.2019.47-57

Abstract

Tanaman tembakau merupakan tanaman yang memiliki aroma yang khas, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tembakau mengandung minyak atsiri. Ekstraksi minyak atsiri tembakau terkendala rendahnya rendemen minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan. Minyak atsiri tembakau merupakan salah satu diversifikasi produk tembakau non rokok yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam bidang biofarmaka (antibakteri) dan kosmetik (parfum badan). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh ukuran sampel dan lama waktu destilasi terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri tembakau lokal Indonesia. Daun tembakau berasal dari enam daerah sentra tembakau di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Enam daerah tersebut antara lain Temanggung, Yogyakarta, Purwodadi, Boyolali, Blitar dan Probolinggo. Minyak atsiri tembakau diperoleh dengan metode destilasi uap-air dengan variasi ukuran sampel daun tembakau dan lama waktu destilasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dua kali ulangan. Lama waktu destilasi yang digunakan adalah 2; 4; dan 6 jam, sedangkan ukuran serbuk daun tembakau yang digunakan adalah 6; 8; dan 10 mesh. Rendemen tertinggi diperoleh pada daun tembakau ukuran 10 mesh tembakau Boyolali yakni sebesar 3,39% dengan waktu destilasi selama 6 jam.Effect of Sample Size and Destilation Time on Rendement of Indonesian Tobacco Essential OilTobacco plants are plants that have a distinctive aroma, this shows that tobacco contains essential oils. Tobacco essential oil extraction is constrained by the low yield of essential oil produced. Tobacco essential oil is a diversification of non-tobacco products that can be utilized in the field of biopharmaca (antibacterial) and cosmetics (body perfume). This study aims to extract local tobacco essential oil and increase its yield through variations in leaf powder size and distillation time. Tobacco leaves originate from six tobacco centers in Central and East Java. The six regions are Temanggung, Yogyakarta, Purwodadi, Boyolali, Blitar and Probolinggo. Tobacco essential oil is obtained by the steam water distillation method with variations in the size of the tobacco and the time of distillation. The study was conducted with two replications. The duration of distillation used is 2; 4; and 6 hours, while the size of tobacco leaf powder used is 6; 8; and 10 mesh. The highest yield was obtained in Boyolali tobacco leaf size of 10 mesh which is 3.39% with a distillation time of 6 hours.
Keefektifan Nematoda Patogen Serangga Steinernema sp. Terhadap Achaea janata L., Serangga Pemakan Daun Jarak Kepyar (Ricinus communis) Heri Prabowo; I.G.A.A. Indrayani
Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Vol 5, No 2 (2013): Oktober 2013
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/bultas.v5n2.2013.58-68

Abstract

Penggunaan pestisida kimia yang cukup tinggi pada akhir-akhir ini telah menimbulkan dampak negatif ter-hadap lingkungan, sehingga pengendalian hama yang ramah lingkungan sangat diperlukan. Saat ini, peng-gunaan nematoda entomopatogen terutama Steinernema sp., membuka peluang untuk digunakan sebagai pengendalian Achaea janata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keefektifan Steinernema sp. ter-hadap A. Janata , dilaksanakan di laboratorium patologi serangga Balai Penelitan Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Agustus 2011. Penelitian menggunakan rancanagan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat ulangan. Setiap ulangan menggunakan 25 larva A. janata instar 2. Larva diekspose de-ngan berbagai variasi konsentrasi Steinernema sp. dan kematian larva diamati setiap hari sampai 120 jam setelah infeksi. Konsentrasi Steinernema sp. yang digunakan adalah 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva. Hasil penelitian pemberian Steinernema sp. pada konsentrasi 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva cukup efektif untuk membunuh A. janata dengan persentase berkisar antara 80–94% mulai 48–120 jam setelah perlakuan. Se-makin tinggi konsentrasi nematoda, semakin tinggi mortalitas A. janata. Steinernema sp. dengan konsen-trasi 400 JI/larva paling efektif membunuh larva, menurunkan bobot larva, bobot pupa, jumlah telur yang dihasilkan, dan fertilitas telur. High intensity of chemical pesticide application has become a serious concern of environmentalists in recent years, because of various negative impacts of it. Therefore, environmentally friendly techniques of controlling insect pest are needed. Recently, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, especially Steinernema sp., has created new possibilities of promising control techniques against insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Steinernema sp. to A. janata larvae in laboratory. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Insti-tute from March to August 2011. Tests used the 2nd stage larvae of Achaea janata, the leaf eater of castor (Ricinus communis). Treatment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates. For each test used 25 larvae which were exposed to various concentrations of Steinernema sp. Concentration of Steinernema sp. used was 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 infective juvenile/larvae. Daily mortality A. janata larvae, larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and number of hatch eggs were recorded. Steinernema sp. on concentration of 200; 300; and 400 IJ/larvae was effective to cause mortality of A. janata larvae (80–94% mortality after 48–120 hours). The higher the concentration of the nematode the higher larval mortality. Steinernema sp. with concentration of 400 IJ/ larvae was effective decreasing larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and fertility of the eggs produced.
Potensi Nematoda Patogen Serangga Steinernema spp. dalam Pengendalian Hama Utama Tanaman Kapas Heri Prabowo; I.G.A.A. Indrayani
Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Vol 1, No 2 (2009): Oktober 2009
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/bultas.v1n2.2009.101-110

Abstract

Steinernema spp. memiliki potensi untuk mengendalikan hama tanaman kapas seperti Helicoverpa armigera dan Pectinophora gossypiella. Steinernema spp. mampu menyebabkan mortalitas P. gossypiella dan H. armi-gera berturut-turut sebesar 31,6–55,4 dan 46,3–63,8%. Steinernema spp. memiliki kemampuan membunuh lebih baik pada P. gossypiella, sedangkan kemampuan reproduksi dalam inangnya lebih baik pada H. armi-gera. Steinernema spp. mampu menginfeksi serangga inang lebih baik pada stadium ulat lebih tua diban-dingkan stadium muda. Steinernema spp. dapat diproduksi secara in vivo dan in vitro. Produksi secara in vivo dapat menggunakan Tenebrio molitor, Tirathaba rufivena, dan Attacus atlas. Produksi secara in vitro dapat menggunakan usus ayam, lemak sapi, dan minyak kedelai. Perlu dikembangkan formulasi Steinerne-ma spp. yang murah dan efektif untuk mengendalikan hama di atas permukaan tanah. Selain itu diperlukan pencarian isolat Steinernema spp. yang virulen dan cepat membunuh hama sasaran. Steinernema spp. could be potentially used for controlling H. armigera and P. gossypiella on cotton. Steiner-nema spp. causes mortality on P. gossypiella and H. armigera 31,6–55,4 and 46,3–63,8% respectively. The nematode causes a higher mortality on P. gossypiella than on H. armigera, however, produces more juvenile infective on H. armigera than on P. gossypiella. Higher successful infections of Steinernema spp. occurs on late larval stadium than on early one. Production of Steinernema spp. can be in vivo using Tenebrio molitor, Tirathaba rufivena, and Attacus atlas; and in vitro using chicken intestinum, cow lipid, and soy bean oil. For effecttively use, this nematode need to be formulated especially for controlling insect pests on soil surface, as well as finding the more virulent isolates against the target insects.
PEMANFAATAN NEMATODA PATOGEN Steinernema spp. Isolat Malang Dan Nusa Tenggara Barat DALAM PENGENDALIAN Spodoptera litura L. YANG RAMAH LINGKUNGAN Heri Prabowo
Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment Vol 12 No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Environmental Research Center (PPLH) of Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Research was conducted at Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Indonesian Tobacco and FiberCrops Research Institute, Malang. Research was conducted from July-August 2009. Isolatesof Steinernema spp. used is a collection of Insect Pathology Laboratory. Research arrangedin a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with repeated 4 times. The research was conductedby using 4 concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 300 IJ / ml. Each concentration was tested on 25insects. Observation of dead insects after 24 to 96 hours after infestation. Parameter larvalweight was observed 96 hours after treatment. Steinernema spp. West Nusa Tenggara andMalang isolates capable of causing mortality S.litura instar two ranges 4-78% for 96 hoursafter treatment. With the increasing concentration of Steinernema spp. given will increase themortality of S. litura. Provision of Steinernema spp. at various concentrations capable inhibitthe weight of larvae. Steinernema spp. has potential to be developed as bioinsecticide.
JENIS NEMATODA YANG DITEMUKAN PADA TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum) DAN RHIZOSFER SEKITARNYA DI AREA PERSAWAHAN NITEN, BANTUL, YOGYAKARTA Heri Prabowo
Agrovigor Vol 5, No 2 (2012): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Trunojoyo Madura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21107/agrovigor.v5i2.311

Abstract

Constraints in the development of onion plants are plant parasitic nematodes attack. The damage could reach 30% or greater. This study aims to determine the type of plant parasitic nematodes found in onion crops in the area and the surrounding onions fields rhizosfer at Niten, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Isolation of nematodes from roots and leaf tissues of onion used the method of Method Spray funnel and isolation from soil using a modified Baermann funnel. Samples of soil, roots and leaves of onion taken at random from five different locations, each location 20 samples taken. Isolation results are stored in a bottle. Identification of nematodes using identification book Pictorial Key to Genera of Plant Parasitic nematodes.             From the results obtained from samples of soil nematodes and roots.Nematodes obtained which consists of four species of Meloidogyne sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Scutellonema sp., and Saprofage sp. Nematodes recovered from soil samples consisted of three species, namely: Helicotylenchus sp., Scutellonema sp., and Saprofage sp . While the roots are found from the sample is composed of two species: Meloidogyne sp. and Saprofage sp .. From these results which are parasitic Meloidogyne sp., Helicotylenchus sp., and Scutellonema sp. while Saprofag sp.  not parasitical.
Pengaruh Komposisi Media Terhadap Produksi Konidia Jamur Entomopatogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin I.G.A.A. Indrayani; Heri Prabowo
Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Vol 2, No 2 (2010): Oktober 2010
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (267.128 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/bultas.v2n2.2010.88-94

Abstract

Penelitian pengaruh komposisisi media dan suhu terhadap produksi konidia Beauveria bassiana dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Patologi Serangga Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang mulai Mei sampai dengan November 2009. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan komposisi media terha-dap produksi konidia B. bassiana. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah: (1) beras, (2) jagung, (3) beras+glu-kosa, (4) beras+yeast, (5) jagung+glukosa, dan (6) jagung+yeast. Setiap perlakuan disusun dalam rancang-an acak lengkap (RAL) dengan enam kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah laju pertumbuhan dan produksi konidia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beras dan jagung berpotensi menjadi media tumbuh yang baik bagi jamur B. bassiana. Proses pembentukan konidia sudah dimulai pada 3 minggu setelah inoku-lasi, lebih cepat dibanding pada media jagung (4,5 minggu). Penambahan yeast lebih nyata meningkatkan produksi konidia B. bassiana pada beras maupun jagung dibanding dengan penambahan glukosa. Rata-rata produksi konidia pada komposisi media beras+yeast dapat mencapai > 4,0 x 109 konidia/g media dan lebih tinggi dibanding produksi konidia pada media lainnya (< 3,0 x 109 konidia/g media). Study on the effects of solid medium composition and temperature on conidia production of B. bassiana was conducted at Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops Institute (IToFCRI), Malang from May to November 2009. The objective of the study was to find out the effects of different me-dium composition. Treatments used were (1) whole rice, (2) broken maize, (3) whole rice+glucose, (4) whole rice+yeast, (5) broken maize+glucose, and (6) broken maize+yeast. Each treatment was arranged in randomized complete design (RCD) with six replications. Parameters observed were growth rate and conidial production of B. bassiana at room temperature. Results showed that whole rice and broken maize could be used as solid medium for B. bassiana. Conidia production was faster on most of medium based on whole rice than that on broken maize. On whole rice medium conidia of B. bassiana were produced about 10 days earlier than that on broken maize. Yeast and glucose addition into medium was able to speed up the fungi growth and to increase conidia production. Addition of yeast potentialy increased conidia production com-pared with other medium with glucose addition. Average production of conidia on whole rice+yeast was more than 4,0 x 109 conidia/g medium compared with any other medium composition that produced less than 3,0 x 109 conidia/g medium.
Pengaruh Ukuran Sampel dan Lama Waktu Destilasi terhadap Rendemen Minyak Atsiri Tembakau Lokal Indonesia Elda Nurnasari; Heri Prabowo
Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Vol 11, No 2 (2019): OKTOBER 2019
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (289.664 KB) | DOI: 10.21082/btsm.v11n2.2019.47-57

Abstract

Tanaman tembakau merupakan tanaman yang memiliki aroma yang khas, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tembakau mengandung minyak atsiri. Ekstraksi minyak atsiri tembakau terkendala rendahnya rendemen minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan. Minyak atsiri tembakau merupakan salah satu diversifikasi produk tembakau non rokok yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam bidang biofarmaka (antibakteri) dan kosmetik (parfum badan). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh ukuran sampel dan lama waktu destilasi terhadap rendemen minyak atsiri tembakau lokal Indonesia. Daun tembakau berasal dari enam daerah sentra tembakau di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Enam daerah tersebut antara lain Temanggung, Yogyakarta, Purwodadi, Boyolali, Blitar dan Probolinggo. Minyak atsiri tembakau diperoleh dengan metode destilasi uap-air dengan variasi ukuran sampel daun tembakau dan lama waktu destilasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dua kali ulangan. Lama waktu destilasi yang digunakan adalah 2; 4; dan 6 jam, sedangkan ukuran serbuk daun tembakau yang digunakan adalah 6; 8; dan 10 mesh. Rendemen tertinggi diperoleh pada daun tembakau ukuran 10 mesh tembakau Boyolali yakni sebesar 3,39% dengan waktu destilasi selama 6 jam.Effect of Sample Size and Destilation Time on Rendement of Indonesian Tobacco Essential OilTobacco plants are plants that have a distinctive aroma, this shows that tobacco contains essential oils. Tobacco essential oil extraction is constrained by the low yield of essential oil produced. Tobacco essential oil is a diversification of non-tobacco products that can be utilized in the field of biopharmaca (antibacterial) and cosmetics (body perfume). This study aims to extract local tobacco essential oil and increase its yield through variations in leaf powder size and distillation time. Tobacco leaves originate from six tobacco centers in Central and East Java. The six regions are Temanggung, Yogyakarta, Purwodadi, Boyolali, Blitar and Probolinggo. Tobacco essential oil is obtained by the steam water distillation method with variations in the size of the tobacco and the time of distillation. The study was conducted with two replications. The duration of distillation used is 2; 4; and 6 hours, while the size of tobacco leaf powder used is 6; 8; and 10 mesh. The highest yield was obtained in Boyolali tobacco leaf size of 10 mesh which is 3.39% with a distillation time of 6 hours.
Keefektifan Nematoda Patogen Serangga Steinernema sp. Terhadap Achaea janata L., Serangga Pemakan Daun Jarak Kepyar (Ricinus communis) Heri Prabowo; I.G.A.A. Indrayani
Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri Vol 5, No 2 (2013): Oktober 2013
Publisher : Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/bultas.v5n2.2013.58-68

Abstract

Penggunaan pestisida kimia yang cukup tinggi pada akhir-akhir ini telah menimbulkan dampak negatif ter-hadap lingkungan, sehingga pengendalian hama yang ramah lingkungan sangat diperlukan. Saat ini, peng-gunaan nematoda entomopatogen terutama Steinernema sp., membuka peluang untuk digunakan sebagai pengendalian Achaea janata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keefektifan Steinernema sp. ter-hadap A. Janata , dilaksanakan di laboratorium patologi serangga Balai Penelitan Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Agustus 2011. Penelitian menggunakan rancanagan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat ulangan. Setiap ulangan menggunakan 25 larva A. janata instar 2. Larva diekspose de-ngan berbagai variasi konsentrasi Steinernema sp. dan kematian larva diamati setiap hari sampai 120 jam setelah infeksi. Konsentrasi Steinernema sp. yang digunakan adalah 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva. Hasil penelitian pemberian Steinernema sp. pada konsentrasi 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva cukup efektif untuk membunuh A. janata dengan persentase berkisar antara 80–94% mulai 48–120 jam setelah perlakuan. Se-makin tinggi konsentrasi nematoda, semakin tinggi mortalitas A. janata. Steinernema sp. dengan konsen-trasi 400 JI/larva paling efektif membunuh larva, menurunkan bobot larva, bobot pupa, jumlah telur yang dihasilkan, dan fertilitas telur. High intensity of chemical pesticide application has become a serious concern of environmentalists in recent years, because of various negative impacts of it. Therefore, environmentally friendly techniques of controlling insect pest are needed. Recently, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, especially Steinernema sp., has created new possibilities of promising control techniques against insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Steinernema sp. to A. janata larvae in laboratory. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Insti-tute from March to August 2011. Tests used the 2nd stage larvae of Achaea janata, the leaf eater of castor (Ricinus communis). Treatment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates. For each test used 25 larvae which were exposed to various concentrations of Steinernema sp. Concentration of Steinernema sp. used was 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 infective juvenile/larvae. Daily mortality A. janata larvae, larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and number of hatch eggs were recorded. Steinernema sp. on concentration of 200; 300; and 400 IJ/larvae was effective to cause mortality of A. janata larvae (80–94% mortality after 48–120 hours). The higher the concentration of the nematode the higher larval mortality. Steinernema sp. with concentration of 400 IJ/ larvae was effective decreasing larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and fertility of the eggs produced.
Co-Authors Elda Nurnasari I.G.A.A. Indrayani I.G.A.A. Indrayani