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180 nm NMOS voltage-controlled oscillator for phase-locked loop applications Hassan Aboadla, Ezzidin; Hassan, Ali
International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) Vol 12, No 3: December 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijict.v12i3.pp236-241

Abstract

The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is the primary device in the phase-locked loop (PLL) to produce the local oscillator frequency. The excessive phase noise of VCOs is the primary cause of PLL performance loss. This paper proposes the design and optimization of low phase noise and low power consumption for a 180 nm N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor NMOS VCO for PLL applications with P-channel metal-oxide semiconductor PMOS varactors and spiral inductors. At 2 V supply voltage, the optimized NMOS VCO has a power consumption of 21 mW, a phase noise of -130 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset and a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 3.9%. The proposed design is verified by PSpice simulations. A new criterion is proposed for optimizing NMOS LC oscillators.
Exploring Diverse Substrates for Enhanced Water Splitting: Tailoring Energy Conversion and Storage through Specific Qualities with Its Limitations Waheed, Abdul; Habibullah, H.; Irfan, Muhammad; Hassan, Ali; Habib, Benish; Abbas, Shabbar; Shafique, Muhammad Zakiullah
ASEAN Journal for Science and Engineering in Materials Vol 3, No 2 (2024): AJSEM: Volume 3, Issue 2, September 2024
Publisher : Bumi Publikasi Nusantara

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Abstract

Energy can be generated from various resources, encompassing both renewable and non-renewable sources. Clean energy production can be achieved through water splitting, as the electrolysis of water is recognized as an efficient method for industrial-level energy production. To enhance the energy conversion efficiency of water splitting, effective electrocatalysts are essential. Consequently, researchers strive to develop the most efficient electrocatalysts that meet specific requirements. In this pursuit, various types of catalysts have been identified in the scientific community. Each electrocatalyst possesses distinct qualities based on categories such as metal type, cost-effectiveness, and applications. This review focuses on the recent developments in substrates and their applications, considering their variability in water splitting. Each catalyst has unique characteristics compared to others, playing a pivotal role in the realm of energy production. The discussion covers the entire spectrum, from the basics to advanced levels of substrate selection, elucidating their influence on output to achieve desirable results. Finally, potential challenges and directions for future research are explored, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and potential advancements in the field.