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All Journal Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation
NURHUDA NIZAR
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Other

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The Relationship Between Household Credit and Banking Stability in Malaysia: Panel Evidence NURHUDA NIZAR; Zulkefly Abdul Karim
Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business Vol 23, No 2 (2021): May-August
Publisher : Master in Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/gamaijb.64451

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between household credit and banking stability in Malaysia using a sample of 37 commercial banks spanning the period from 2008 to 2015. In analyzing household credit’s influence on the Malaysian banking sector’s stability, household credit was categorized into two components, namely mortgage and consumer credit. The Banking Stability Index (BSI) for each bank is constructed using 15 bank-specific variables and some macro-economic variables. The determinants of the BSI are estimated using a static panel data technique. The fixed-effects regression results showed a statistically significant negative relationship between both forms of household credit (mortgage credit and consumer credit) upon the banking sector’s stability. The finding signals that understanding the link between household credit and the Bank Stability Index is crucial to the policymakers and the banks’ management in closely monitoring household credit, particularly mortgage and consumer credit.
Why Very Low Leverage Varies Across ASEAN: A Dynamic Panel Perspective Maya Sari; Netti Siska N; Nurhuda Nizar; Azreen Roslan; Inomjon Quadratov
Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : PT Mattawang Mediatama Solution

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35877/454RI.daengku4907

Abstract

This study investigates the determinants of very low leverage (VLL) among publicly listed non-financial firms in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. The study evaluates whether family ownership and firm-level financial fundamentals shape firms' decisions to maintain extremely low debt levels. An unbalanced panel of 10,160 firm-year observations from 2015 to 2024 is analysed using the two-step System GMM estimator to address endogeneity, dynamic persistence and unobserved heterogeneity. Key explanatory variables include family ownership, profitability, liquidity and operating cash flow, with alternative leverage thresholds used for validation. Results show that capital structure persistence is the strongest predictor of VLL, with firms maintaining a 55 to 57% likelihood of staying in VLL positions across periods. Family ownership does not significantly influence VLL behaviour, challenging agency- and socioemotional wealth-based expectations. Financial fundamentals only matter in Malaysia; their effects disappear in Indonesia and Singapore once dynamic endogeneity is controlled. The findings reveal that several relationships identified in static models are artefacts of endogeneity bias. The strong persistence of VLL suggests that initial financing decisions have long-term effects, highlighting the need for continuous capital structure reassessment. Policymakers should consider institutional differences: Malaysia's relationship-based banking environment reinforces reliance on internal liquidity, while Indonesia requires stronger market infrastructure and creditor protections. Investors should interpret low leverage cautiously, as it may reflect historical path dependence rather than current firm performance. This study provides one of the first comparative dynamic-panel analyses of VLL behaviour in ASEAN markets using System GMM. It advances the capital structure literature by demonstrating that persistence dominates firm fundamentals and that family ownership does not determine extreme leverage choices. The study also clarifies methodological distortions found in static capital structure research
Co-Authors Azreen Roslan Inomjon Quadratov Maya Sari Netti Siska N Zulkefly Abdul Karim