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All Journal International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi)
Suliadi Firdaus Sufahani
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Computer Science & IT Engineering

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Nonstandard optimal control problem: case study in an economical application of royalty problem Wan Noor Afifah Wan Ahmad; Suliadi Firdaus Sufahani; Alan Zinober; Azila M Sudin; Muhaimin Ismoen; Norafiz Maselan; Naufal Ishartono
International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics Vol 5, No 3 (2019): November 2019
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/ijain.v5i3.357

Abstract

This paper's focal point is on the nonstandard Optimal Control (OC) problem. In this matter, the value of the final state variable, y(T) is said to be unknown. Moreover, the Lagrangian integrand in the function is in the form of a piecewise constant integrand function of the unknown state value y(T). In addition, the Lagrangian integrand depends on the y(T) value. Thus, this case is considered as the nonstandard OC problem where the problem cannot be resolved by using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle along with the normal boundary conditions at the final time in the classical setting. Furthermore, the free final state value, y(T) in the nonstandard OC problem yields a necessary boundary condition of final costate value, p(T) which is not equal to zero. Therefore, the new necessary condition of final state value, y(T) should be equal to a certain continuous integral function of y(T)=z since the integrand is a component of y(T). In this study, the 3-stage piecewise constant integrand system will be approximated by utilizing the continuous approximation of the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) procedure. This paper presents the solution by using the computer software of C++ programming and AMPL program language. The Two-Point Boundary Value Problem will be solved by applying the indirect method which will involve the shooting method where it is a combination of the Newton and the minimization algorithm (Golden Section Search and Brent methods). Finally, the results will be compared with the direct methods (Euler, Runge-Kutta, Trapezoidal and Hermite-Simpson approximations) as a validation process.
Flood Risk Mapping in Batu Pahat Using GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process Muhammad Ammar Asry Zainudin; Mohd Asrul Affendi Abddullah; Nazirah Mohamad Abdullah; Norziha Che Him; Suliadi Firdaus Sufahani
Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) Vol 10 No 2 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Ikatan Ahli Informatika Indonesia (IAII)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29207/resti.v10i2.6644

Abstract

Flooding represents an ongoing natural disaster which creates major hazards that endanger human life and destroy buildings and vital systems. This research project develops a flood risk map for Batu Pahat Malaysia by combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Python-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technology. The flood-prone area identification process needs to evaluate high-risk zones and study spatial analysis methods which predict flood risks. Researchers studied three key elements which included land cover and slope and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based elevation data to determine their impact on flood vulnerability. The AHP process became more efficient and reproducible through Python automation which executed the AHP process for the analysis. The AHP results showed that elevation contributes 63% to flood risk assessment while slope and land cover account for 26% and 11% respectively. The flood risk map divided the area into three danger levels which included low danger areas and medium danger areas plus high danger areas that mostly existed in low-lying urban areas with gentle slopes. The predictions proved accurate because researchers validated them by comparing against actual flood data from previous events. The research demonstrates how AHP combined with GIS and Python creates an efficient flood risk assessment tool which helps with disaster planning and resource management. Future research could enhance the model by incorporating additional factors such as rainfall patterns, drainage infrastructure, and soil characteristics, further improving the accuracy of flood risk predictions.
Co-Authors Alan Zinober Azila M Sudin Mohd Asrul Affendi Abddullah Muhaimin Ismoen Muhammad Ammar Asry Zainudin Naufal Ishartono Nazirah Mohamad Abdullah Norafiz Maselan Norziha Che Him Wan Noor Afifah Wan Ahmad