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All Journal Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia
Fitri Maharani
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Health Professions Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Public Health

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The Urgency Of Criminalizing Illicit Enrichment And The Prospect Of Its Law Enforcement In Indonesia Fitri Maharani; Hanafi Amrani
Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia Vol. 2 No. 6 NOVEMBER 2024
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia

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Abstract

The UNCAC has regulated illicit enrichment in Article 20 as the acquisition of improper assets by public officials whose legitimate origin cannot be proven. Indonesia has ratified the convention, which imposes a mandatory obligation to regulate illicit enrichment as a criminal offense. However, until now, Indonesia has not yet criminalized illicit enrichment. This study aims to determine the urgency of criminalizing illicit enrichment and the prospects for its law enforcement in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research with descriptive qualitative data analysis. The results of this study show that the criminalization of illicit enrichment is important to do because of international obligations as a logical consequence of the ratification of UNCAC. Furthermore, the criminalization of illicit enrichment is an effort to reform the law, especially anti-corruption law enforcement in Indonesia, including the optimization of asset recovery mechanisms. The prospect of law enforcement that can be projected for the criminalization of illicit enrichment can be studied through the perspective of material criminal law which requires delict and sanction arrangements, as well as in the perspective of formal criminal law, which requires the LHKPN report as initial evidence, the application of reversal burden of proof, and NCB asset recovery.
Masa Kerja sebagai Faktor Risiko Gangguan Fungsi Paru pada Pekerja yang Terpapar PM10: Tinjauan Literatur Fitri Maharani; Winda Trijayanthi Utama; M. Yogie Fadli; Sutarto Sutarto
Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Maret : Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia
Publisher : Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/jikki.v6i1.9539

Abstract

Occupational exposure to particulate matter (PM₁₀) represents a significant health risk. Although the association between PM₁₀ exposure levels and impaired lung function has been well demonstrated in numerous studies, epidemiological literature shows highly contradictory findings regarding the relationship between exposure duration, commonly measured as “Length of Service” and lung function. To explore the sources of this inconsistency, this review examined literature published between 2020 and 2025 using a narrative synthesis approach. The analysis revealed that the divergent findings are not driven by biological factors, but rather by systematic methodological limitations. Non-significant results in several studies can be attributed to three major weaknesses: (1) Length of Service is a weak proxy variable that fails to capture the crucial intensity (dose) of exposure; (2) substantial statistical multicollinearity between Length of Service and Age, which distorts the estimated associations; and (3) the Healthy Worker Effect (HWE), a selection bias that is almost inevitable in occupational epidemiology studies especially those using cross-sectional designs, which systematically attenuates true associations. Therefore, non-significant findings related to Length of Service should not be interpreted as evidence of the absence of harm from chronic exposure. The relationship likely exists but is “masked” by design biases and the limitations of a weak proxy. Future research should avoid relying on Length of Service as a sole exposure indicator and instead adopt cumulative exposure metrics that are more representative.
Co-Authors Author: Hanafi M. Yogie Fadli Sutarto Sutarto Winda Trijayanthi Utama, Winda Trijayanthi