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All Journal Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya Makara Journal of Science
Imam Kambali
Pusat Pengembangan Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka-BATAN
Aerospace Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Physics

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THE STOPPING POWER AND RANGE OF ENERGETIC PROTON BEAMS IN NICKEL TARGET RELEVANT FOR COPPER-64 PRODUCTION Kambali, Imam; Suryanto, Hari; Setiawan, Herlan
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 17, No 1 (2014): Jurnal PTRR 2014
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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Distribusienergi yang hilang dari sejumlah berkas proton berenergi tinggi telah disimulasikan menggunakan program Stopping and Range of Ion in Matter (SRIM 2013). Hasil data perhitungan jangkauan proton tersebut selanjutnya akan digunakan untuk menentukan ketebalan optimum target Ni untuk produksi radioisotop 64Cu di masa yang akan datang. Secara umum, daya henti dan jangkauan proton sangat tergantung pada energy dan sudut datang berkas proton. Untuk sudut datang 0o (tegak lurus terhadap permukaan target), ketebalan optimum target nikel direkomendasikan sebesar 260 – 350 μm jika target tersebut diiradiasi dengan berkas proton berenergi antara 10 – 12 MeV. Selain itu, ketebalan tersebut hendaknya dikurangi jika berkas proton ditembakkan dengan sudut yang lebih besar dari 0o untuk optimasi hasil radioaktivitas 64Cu. Studi kasus terhadap produksi 64Cu dengan proton berenergi 15,5 MeV menunjukkan bahwa hasil radioaktivitas yang lebih rendah dari perhitungan teori kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh target Ni yang terlalu tipis.
EFEK IMPLANTASI YTTRIUM DAN CERIUM TERHADAP SIFAT KETAHANAN OKSIDASI MATERIAL FeNiCr SELAMA SIKLUS TERMAL Kambali, Imam; Sujitno, Tjipto; Kusnanto, Kusnanto
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 6, No 1 (2003): Jurnal PRR 2003
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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ABSTRAK EFEK  IMPLANTASI  YTTRIUM DAN CERIUM TERHADAP  SIFAT  KETAHANAN  OKSIDASI MATERIAL  FeNiCr  SELAMA  SIKLUS TERMAL Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pengaruh implantasi elemen reaktif terhadap sifat ketahanan oksidasi material FeNiCr selama siklus termal. Elemen reaktif yang dipilih sebagai ion dopan adalah yttrium (Y) dan cerium (Ce). Tujuan utama penlitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari efek implantasi ion yttrium dan cerium serta menentukan kondisi optimum penambahan elemen reaktif tersebut untuk peningkatan ketahanan oksidasi material FeNiCr se1ama siklus termal. Sifat ketahanan oksidasi FeNiCr ditentukan dari tiga macam sample yang disediakan, yaitu FeNiCr yang tidak diimplantasi, FeNiCr yang diimplantasi dengan ion yttrium dan FeNiCr yang diimplantasi dengan ion cerium. Masing-masing ion diimplantasikan ke permukaan FeNiCr dengan energi dan arus yang tetap sebesar 100 ke V dan 10 µA, serta dengan waktu implantasi yang bervariasi dari 30 - 210 menit untuk mendapatkan dosis ion antara 0,864 x 1017 - 6,050 X 1017 – 6,050 x 1017 ion/cm2, Setiap sample se1anjutnya dioksidasi selama siklus termal dengan kondisi 7 jam pemanasan, 16 jam pendinginan, laju aliran oksigen sebesar 0,021 cc/det, dan tekanan oksigen sebesar 2 Kg/cm2. Laju oksidasi dan pengelupasan oksida pada sampel ditentukan dari perubahan berat sarnpel  tiap satuan luas permukaan sampe1 sebelum dan sesudah proses oksidasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implantasi ion Y dan Ce pada material FeNiCr mampu meningkatkan ketahanan oksidasi material tersebut selama siklus termal pada suhu 900°C. Ketahanan oksidasi tersebut lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sample yang tidak diimplantasi. Kondisi optimum penambahan yttrium dan cerium masing-masing dicapai pada dosis 5,186 x 1017 ion/cm2 dan 3,457 x 1017 ion/cm2. Implantasi yttrium mampu menunjukkan efektivitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan cerium dalam meningkatkan ketahanan oksidasi FeNiCr selama siklus termal.Kata kunci: Implantasi, Yttrium, Cerium, Akselerator, Ketahanan oksidasi, FeNiCr, Siklus termal ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF  YTTRIUM AND  CERIUM  IMPLANTATION  UPON  THE OXIDATION  RESISTANCE  OF  FeNiCr  ALLOY  DURING  THERMAL CYCLING. The investigation on the effect of yttrium (Y) and cerium (Ce) implantations upon the oxidation resistance of FeNiCr alloy during thermal cycling has been carried out. The aims of the investigation were to study effect of  Y and Ce ions implantation as well as to determine the optimum condition of these reactive elements addition to increase the  oxidation resistance of FeNiCr alloy during thermal cycling. The oxidation resistance of FeNiCr was determined from tbe three kinds of prepared-samples, i.e.: non-implanted-FeNiCr, yttrium-ion-implanted-FeNiCr, and cerium-ion-implanted-FeNiCr. The implantation processes were done by using P3TM-BATAN's accelerator. The ions were implanted to the alloy's surface with the constant energy and current of 100 ke V and 10 µA, and with variable time of 30 - 210 minutes respectively, to vary tbe ion doses of 0.864 x 1017 - 6.050 X 1017 ions/cm2• Each sample was tben oxidized during thermal cycling by tbe oxygen flow of 0.021 cc/sec, and with the conditions of heating at 900°C for 7 hours and cooling down for 16 hours. The oxidation rate and oxide spalling were determined from the sample's weight gain per unit area of sample's surface just before and after tbe oxidation process. The result of tbe investigation indicated that Yttrium and cerium ions implantation could increase the oxidation resistance of FeNiCr alloy during thermal cycling at 900°C. This oxidation resistance was better than tbat of non-implanted sample. The optimum condition of yttrium and cerium addition was reached on the ion doses of 5.186 x 1017 ions/cm2 and 3.457 x 1017 ions/cm2 respectively. The yttrium implantation could perform better effectiveness than cerium in the case of enhancing the oxidation resistance of FeNiCr during thermal cycling. Keywords  : Implantation, Yttrium, Cerium, Accelerator, Oxidation resistance, FeNiCr alloy, Thermal cycling.  
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE LIQUID TARGET CHAMBER FOR 18F PRODUCTION AT THE PRR'S CYCLOTRON FACILITIES Kambali, Imam; Sumantri, Tonny Heryanto; Rajiman, Rajiman; Ichwan, Syaefudin
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 12 (2009): JurnaL PRR 2009
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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ABSTRACT RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE LIQUID TARGET CHAMBER FOR 18F PRODUCTION AT THE PRR'S CYCLOTRON FACILITIES. The liquid target chamber for 18F production at the Cyclotron Division, Centre for Radioisotopes and Radio- pharma ceuticals (PRR) of them  Indonesian National Nuclear Energy Agency (BA TAN) has been analysed for its reliability in enduring high pressures and heat transfer requirements during proton beam bombardment as well as the recommended irradiation parameters for effective 18Fproduction. The target chamber was subject to house the 180-enriched water bombarded with high energy proton beam to produce 18F.A range of SRIM-computer simulations have also been conducted to calculate the ranges of several energetic proton beams (of up to 20 MeV) into pure water target. A study of radioactive impurities which might be produced from the proton-irradiated chamber's materials was also included based on some references. Due to concern over the heat produced during target irradiation, a heat transfer analysis - particularly for the target's cavity - was also included in the presented studies to obtain a brief preliminary calculation of the heating impacts prior to irradiation tests. The calculation was performed for various proton beam currents and energies of up to 30 J..lAand 20 MeV. respectively. It was found that the chamber was reliable for production of 18Ffrom proton irradiated-180 enriched-water target by maintaining the chamber's pressure of up to 3.6 bar if the proton beam current was kept below 16 J..lAfor all energies or the proton beam energy was kept to or below 10 MeV for any employed beam currents. The overall heat transfer coefficient was also found to depend on the power deposited into the water target. Keywords: reliability analysis, liquid target chamber, 18F production, proton irradiation, cyclotron, 180_enriched water target, heat transfer coefficient. ABSTRAK ANALISIS KEHANDALAN CHAMBER TARGET CAIR UNTUK PRODUKSI 18F DI FASILITAS SIKLOTRON PRR. Telah dilakukan analisis kehandalan terhadap chamber target cair untuk produksi 18F yang dimiliki oleh Bidang Siklotron, Pusat Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka (PRR), Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN) dalam menahan beban tekanan tinggi dan transfer panas selama proses iradiasi berkas proton, serta rekomendasi parameter iradiasi yang efektifuntuk produksi 18F.Chamber target  cair terse but dibuat sebagai wadah air yang diperkaya dengan 180 yang selanjutnya diiradiasi dengan berkasproton berenergi tinggi untuk produksi 18F. Simulasi computer menggunakan program SRIM juga dilakukan untuk menentukan jangkauan berkas proton berenergi tinggi (sampai dengan 20 MeV) kedalam target air mumi. Impuritas radioaktif yang mungkin dihasilkan dari material penyusun chamber tersebut akibat iradiasiberkas proton juga dibahas berdasarkan hasil studi literatur. Analisis transfer panas juga dilaksanakan oleh karena adanya kekhawatiran terhadap panas yang dihasilkan selama iradiasi target, terutama di dalam ruang target, untuk mendapatkan hasil perhitungan awal terhadap kalor yang dihasilkan sebelum uji coba iradiasi. Perhitungan tersebut dilakukan untuk berbagai arus dan energi berkas proton (masing-masing sampai 30 µ dan 20 MeV). Hasil perhitungan dan eksperimen awal menunjukkan bahwa chamber target cair tersebut dapat dihandalkan untuk memproduksi 18F dari target air yang diperkaya 180 dengan mempertahankan tekanan chamber sebesar 3,6 bar jika arus berkas proton dipertahankan sebesar 16 J..lAuntuk semua energi atau jika energi berkas proton dipertahankan sebesar/ dibawah 10 MeV untuk setiap arus. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa koefisien transfer panas keseluruhan tergantung pada daya yang diterima oleh target cair terse but.Kata kunci : analisis kehandalan, chamber target cair, produksi 18F, iradiasi proton, siklotron, target air yang diperkaya 18O,koefisien transfer panas.
INTERAKSI PROTON BERENERGI TINGGI DENGAN MATERI DAN APLIKASINY A UNTUK STUDI KOROSI BAHAN Kambali, Imam; Suryanto, Hari
Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka Vol 7, No 2 (2004): Jurnal PRR 2004
Publisher : Jurnal Radioisotop dan Radiofarmaka

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INTERAKSI PROTON BERENERGI TINGGI DENGAN MATERI DAN APLIKASINYA UNTUK STUDI KOROSI BAHAN.   Interaksi proton berenergi tinggi dengan materi sangat penting untuk dipelajari karena hal inilah yang mendasari pengetahuan tentang aplikasi pemakaian berkas proton untuk tujuan analisis dan modifikasi permukaan bahan. Makalah ini membahas tentang eksperimen penetrasi proton berenergi tinggi (lebih dari 10 MeV) dalam besi, tembaga dan stainless steel-304 (88-304). Berkas proton dengan energi 10,8 MeV dan 12,5 MeV masing-masing diperoleh dengan melewatkan berkas proton berenergi 24,85 MeV dan 25,6 MeV yang dihasilkan dari siklotron pada sistem degrader aluminium yang dipasang pada ujung saluran berkas. Selanjutnya berkas proton tersebut ditembakkan ke tumpukan target foil (besi, tembaga dan 88-304). Interaksi antara proton dan target menghasilkan atom radioaktif 56Co (dalam hal target besi dan 88-304) dan 65Zn (dalam hal target tembaga). Radioaktivitas yang dihasilkan dari interaksi tersebut dapat diukur untuk memperoleh inwrmasi tentang jangkauan penetrasi proton dalam target. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa proton berenergi 10,8 MeV mampu menembus target dengan jangkauan yang tidak lebih dari 300 µm, sedangkan proton berenergi 12,5 MeV mampu menjangkau permukaan besi sampai pada kedalaman lebih dari 300 µm . Hasil eksperimen ini tidak berbeda jauh dengan hasil perhitungan menggunakan software SRIM-96. Laju korosi target ditentukan dengan menggunakan target kupon yang diiradiasi dengan proton dan ditempelkan pada pemegang kupon yang dipasang didalam pipa SS-304. Kemudian kedalam pipa tersebut dialirkan larutan HCI 0,5 M dengan debit 100 liter/menit. Laju korosi besi terukur sebesar 11,692 !-lmljam sedangkan laju korosi SS-304 sebesar 0,366 µm/jam. Kata kunci: interaksi danjangkauan proton, siklotron, studi korosi   ABSTRACT   INTERACTION OF HIGH ENERGY PROTON WITH MAITER AND ITS APPLICATION TO STUDY ON MATERIAL CORROSION.   Interaction of high-energy proton with matter is important to be studied since it is the basic knowledge employing the proton beam for the purpose of material analysis and surface modification as well. This paper presents experimental works on the penetration of high-energy proton (more than 10 MeV) through iron, copper and 88-304. The proton beams having energy of 10.8 and 12.5 MeV respectively were obtained by passing 24.85 and 25.6 MeV of cyclotron-liberated proton beam through an aluminum degrader system installed at the end of the beam line. The proton beams were then bombarded to the stack foils of the targets (iron, copper and 88-304 respectively). The proton-target interacts created radioactive atoms of 56CO(in case of iron and SS-304 targets) and 65Zn (in case of copper target). The resulting activities can be measured to get information on the proton penetration ranges in the targets. It was found that the 10.8 MeV proton beam was able to pass through the targets with the range ofless than 300 µm,while the 12.5 MeV proton beam was able to pass through the iron with the range of more than 300 µm .The results of this experiment are insignificantly different as compared to theoretical calculation  using  SRIM-96  Software. The corrosion rate of the targets was studied using proton-irradiated target coupons mounted in a coupon holder and installed in a 2"-diameter of SS-304 pipe in which 100 liters/minute of 0.5 M HCI was flowed through. The  corrosion rate of iron was found to be about 11.692 µm hour while that of SS-304 was about 0.366 µm/hour. Keywords:  interaction and range of proton, cyclotron, corrosion study
Comprehensive Theoretical Studies on 11-MeV Proton Based Tc-99m Production Kambali, Imam
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The shortage of nuclear-reactor-based Tc-99m supply has led to increased research on cyclotron-based Tc-99m production. In this paper, Tc-99m radionuclides produced by a 11-MeV proton cyclotron is theoretically discussed in terms of the optimum thickness of natMo, natMoO3, and enriched 100Mo targets; expected impurities; and radioactivity yields of several (p,2n), (p,n), and (p,γ) based nuclear reactions. The SRIM 2013 codes and TALYS 2014 codes are employed to calculate the range of 11-MeV proton beams in the Mo-based targets and the excitation functions of the selected nuclear reactions, respectively. The calculated results indicate that 94m,95m,96mTc radionuclides would give rise to radionuclide impurities at the end of irradiation for natMo targets, whereas no significant impurities were theoretically detected for the enriched 100Mo target. At the end of bombardment, nearly 42.18 GBq/µA.hr of Tc-99m radionuclide is predicted to result in the 11-MeV proton-irradiated 100Mo target.
COMBINED METHOD OF BULK MATERIAL SHIELDING EVALUATION FOR 200 MEV HIGH ENERGY NEUTRON SOURCE USING PHITS MODELLING AND PARTIAL DENSITY Aliyah, Fitrotun; Rahman, Azhar Abdul; Md Radzi, Yasmin; Kambali, Imam
Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023): SPEKTRA: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya, Volume 8 Issue 1, April 2023
Publisher : Program Studi Fisika Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21009/SPEKTRA.081.01

Abstract

Neutron encounters difficulties in shielding protection. Thus, many researchers have performed simulation and experimental research on neutron shielding materials. The characteristic of materials is highly dependent on neutron energy. The evaluation of neutron shielding for various materials, such as iron, concrete, aluminum, and borated polyethylene (BPE), was conducted in this paper through simulation using a Monte Carlo code of PHITS 3.27 and calculation via partial density method. A mono-energetic neutron source with an energy of 200 MeV is emitted perpendicular to the shielding material with a thickness of 105 cm. The parameters measured in this analysis include flux, fast neutron removal cross-section, neutron depth dose, ambient dose H*(10) equivalent, and neutron dose reduction factor (RF). Results show that iron is a good material against high-energy neutron and secondary photon radiation at the energy range with the highest removal cross-section and the lowest RF value (0.39), followed by concrete, BPE, and aluminum. The integrated fluence and effective dose profiles were consistent with previous results in the literature. Benchmarking calculation of neutron dose RF was conducted with other publications and was in good agreement within the value range.
Co-Authors Azhar Abdul Rahman, Azhar Abdul Fitrotun Aliyah Hari Suryanto Herlan Setiawan Kusnanto Kusnanto Md Radzi, Yasmin Rajiman Rajiman Syaefudin Ichwan Tjipto Sujitno Tonny Heryanto Sumantri