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Evaluasi Rumah Tipe 36 Yang Sudah Direnovasi Ditinjau Dari Kriteria Rumah Sehat (studi Kasus Di Perumahan Wisma Lidah Kulon Surabaya) Titiek Winanti, ; M. Ibrahim,
Teknika Vol 6, No 2 (2005)
Publisher : Teknika

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Abstract

Rumah tipe kecil, yang luasnya <50 m2 pada dasarnya belum  mencukupi kebutuhan untuk melakukan kegiatan sebuah keluarga. Jumlah anggota keluarga di kota Surabaya berkisar antara 4-6 orang setiap rumah.  Rumah tipe 36 sangat diminati oleh masyarakat, karena harganya terjangkau, pada kenyataannya selalu dikembangkan  sendiri oleh penghuninya. Masalahnya apakah renovasi dilakukan dengan benar artinya apakah rumah yang direnovasi memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat?, apakah dalam renovasi melibatkan para ahli teknik?. Variabel sebagai kriteria rumah sehat dalam penelitian ini adalah: konstruksi atap, kondisi lantai, dinding, ventilasi, penerangan alami, sanitasi air kotor. Sebagai sampel dalam penelitian ini 10 rumah dari 68 rumah yang memenuhi kriteria sebagai populasi, yang ditetapkan secara acak.Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa perluasan luas lantai menjadi berkisar antara 44-86 m2, jumlah penghuni antara 3-6 setiap rumah. Renovasi dilakukan sendiri oleh pemiliknya dengan bantuan tukang bangunan. Hasil renovasi paling parah adalah ventilasi yang jelek, pemanfaatan penerangan alami hanya 58%, hal in akan mengganggu kesehatannya. Konstruksi yang lain: atap, lantai, dinding,   sanitasi air kotor, dan septictank bagus, tidak menimbulkan masalah. Dengan demikian disimpulkan bahwa renovasi belum memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat dan tidak melibatkan ahli teknik.Penenitian  menyarankan agar dalam merenovasi rumah menggunakan jasa ahli teknik supaya didapatkan rumah yang sehat. Agar para penghuni rumah yang direnovasi memeriksa kesehatannya minimal setahun sekali. The small type house, less than 50 m2, not enough space to fulfill the need all activity in a family. The number of a family in Surabaya regency average 4-6 person per house. Almost of the people interest with 36 type house, because it was an attainable price.  Actually, after occupant stay in this type for several times for about 2-4 years, this house usually was expanded.   Problems in this research, is in renovation process involved civil engineer?, is the result of renovation fulfill criteria as healthy house?The variables in this research were: roof construction,  moist ration  of floor, moist ration  of wall, wastewater sanitation, ventilation, and the wide of window  for through in  sunlight. As the sample   10 unit houses be elected by random sampling from 68 unit houses as the number of population. The result of the research show that the wide of the house average 44-86 square meters, the number person of every house average 3-6. Renovation process was done by themselves not involved civil engineer. The worst  condition was air ventilation, too small, the second the wide of for through in  sunlight,  too small to. The another variables were good.Finally the conclusion of this research were: the renovation houses not fulfill as healthy house, in renovation process not involved civil engineer.
Optimisation of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Using Sorghum Stalk Ash as Catalyst Sum Vanessa Yelmi Baraya; M. Ibrahim; A. Y Abdulkareem; I. M. Muhammad; A. M. Hammari
ALSYSTECH Journal of Education Technology Vol 5 No 1 (2027): ALSYSTECH Journal of Education Technology
Publisher : Lembaga Yasin AlSys

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Abstract

Microalgal oils and agricultural residue catalysts offer potential resources for renewable biodiesel production. This study investigated the production and characterisation of biodiesel from Nannochloropsis oculata oil using calcined sorghum stalk ash (SSA) as a heterogeneous base catalyst. Process optimisation employed response surface methodology with a central composite design in Design-Expert® software, examining methanol-to-oil ratio (9:1–17:1), catalyst loading (0.5–5.0 wt%), reaction time (30–120 min), and agitation speed (200–1000 rpm). X-ray fluorescence analysis identified K₂O as the predominant oxide constituent of the catalyst. The extracted oil exhibited a viscosity of 34.87 mm²/s, acid value of 7.60 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 59.76 g I₂/100 g, and saponification value of 216.10 mg KOH/g. The maximum reported biodiesel yield was 91.55%, obtained at an agitation speed of 1000 rpm, reaction time of 120 min, and catalyst loading of 5.0 wt%. The reduced quadratic model achieved an adjusted R² of 0.8713. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated a total fatty acid methyl ester content of 75.00%, dominated by C18 and C16 methyl esters. Reported biodiesel properties included a kinematic viscosity of 4.46 mm²/s, flash point of 125.33°C, cetane number of 50.01, and higher heating value of 67.67 MJ/kg. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy detected characteristic ester carbonyl absorption bands at 1740–1750 cm⁻¹. These findings support the potential of SSA as a low-cost heterogeneous catalyst and N. oculata oil as a renewable feedstock for biodiesel production, contributing to the development of processes that combine microalgal resources with agricultural residue utilisation.