Achmad Rachman
Balittanah, BBSDLP, Balitbangtan, Kementan

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Peluang dan Tantangan Implementasi Model Pertanian Konservasi di Lahan Kering Achmad Rachman
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan Vol 11, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Agriculture Land Resource Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jsdl.v11n2.2017.77-90

Abstract

Abstrak. Pertanian konservasi adalah salah satu alternatif model pada praktek pertanian di lahan kering yang dalam jangka panjang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman, efisiensi usahatani, dan kualitas lingkungan melalui perbaikan kualitas tanah. Tulisan ini membahas prospek penerapan pertanian konservasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas tanah dan produktivitas lahan kering. Model pertanian konservasi lebih menekankan pada perbaikan kandungan bahan organik tanah melalui kombinasi 3 pendekatan yaitu olah tanah minimum, pemulsaan, dan pengaturan pola tanam. Introduksi model pertanian konservasi di negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, yang umumnya lahan pertaniannya berskala sempit (<1 ha) dihadapkan pada masalah perkembangan gulma dan penurunan produktivitas pada fase awal implementasi, dan lahan yang tidak bersih sehingga berpotensi memicu munculnya hama dan penyakit tertentu. Namun demikian, model pertanian konservasi ini berpotensi untuk mengubah lahan kering terdegradasi atau tidak produktif menjadi lahan pertanian produktif dengan efisiensi usahatani yang tinggi. Dengan manfaat jangka panjang tersebut, maka implementasi pertanian konservasi di lahan kering, yang potensinya mencapai 29,4 juta ha, akan meningkatkan secara signifikan kontribusi lahan kering terhadap upaya mempertahankan swasembada pangan nasional dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani lahan kering. Diperlukan proses dan modifikasi untuk mengadaptasikan teknologi ini yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik agroekosistem, konidisi sosial, dan ekonomi lokal setempat, sehingga berbagai kendala adopsi dapat diminimalisir dan manfaat dapat dioptimalkan baik jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Selain itu, diperlukan dukungan pemerintah dalam bentuk pelatihan, advokasi, dan bantuan input usahatani untuk meminimalisir resiko kerugian petani terutama pada tahap awal implementasi teknologi.Abstract. Conservation agriculture is an alternative model to agricultural practices in dryland which in the long term provides a number of benefits including an increase in crop productivity, farm input efficiency and environmental quality through the improvement of soil quality. This paper discusses the prospect for implementing conservation agricultural to improve soil quality and productivity of dryland. The conservation agriculture model emphasizes the improvement of soil organic matter content through a combination of 3 approaches, namely minimum tillage, mulching, and cropping pattern. Introduction of conservation agriculture into developing countries like Indonesia, which are generally small-scale farming (<1 ha), will face a number of obstacles caused by short-term and immediate shortcomings of the technology. These shortcomings include weed development and productivity decline in the early phase of implementation, and the potential to trigger the emergence of certain pests and diseases due to unclean land. However, the practice has the potential to transform degraded or unproductive drylands into more efficient and productive agricultural land. With those long-term benefits of conservation agriculture, its implementation to 29.4 million ha of dryland of Indonesia will boost significantly the contribution of dryland agriculture in sustaining national food self sufficiency and improving the welfare of dryland farmers. Processes and modifications are needed to adapt this practice to suit local agroecosystem, social and local economic characteristics so that various adoption constraints can be minimized and short-term and long-term benefits can be optimized. In addition, government supports are needed in the form of training, advocacy and farm inputs subsidies to minimize the risk of loss of farmers especially in the early stages of technology implementation.
Soil Strength and Water Infiltration Under Reduced and Conventional Tillage in a Typic Haplustepts of Lamongan District Achmad Rachman
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) Vol 40, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v40n2.2016.95-101

Abstract

Abstract. The ability of upland non-irrigated soil to absorb and store water is critical to to provide sufficient moisture for crop grown in dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tillage, reduced (RT) and conventional tillage (CT), on infiltration rate and soil penetration resistance (soil strength) in soil with ustic moisture regime planted with corn. The experiment was conducted on a site, which had been continuously planted with corn twice a year. The predominant soil was Typic Haplusteps. Six positions, 15 meters a part, were chosen within each treatment to measure infiltration rate and soil strength. The mean infiltration rate values were higher under CT (91.87 ± 18.99 mm h-1) than under RT (64.36 ± 30.97 mm h-1). The amount of water infiltrated in CT is 1.4 times higher than in RT. The RT induced the formation of near surface compacted layer with a soil strength of 850 kPa, 2 times higher than under CT at the same depth. The compacted layer is expected to be responsible for lowering infiltration rate under RT. The highest correlation (R2 = 0.83) between qs and Ksat under RT was found at the second depth (8 to 12-cm) and third depth (16 to 20-cm) for CT (R2 = 0.73) indicating that soil layer with the highest soil strength was responsible to control water infiltration. The infiltration models tested (Parlange, the Green and Ampt, and Kostiakov) fit well with the measured data (r2 = 0.99–1.00). It is recommended to conduct deep tillage (20 – 25 cm) once a year to maintain favorable soil structure for water infiltration and root growth.Abstrak: Kemampuan lahan tadah hujan untuk menyerap dan menyimpan air sangat penting dalam kaitannya dengan penyediaan kelembaban tanah yang optimum untuk pertumbuhan tanaman pada musim kemarau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pengolahan tanah terbatas (RT) dan konvensional (CT) terhadap laju infiltrasi dan ketahanan penetrasi (kekuatan) tanah pada tanah dengan regim kelembaban ustic yang ditanami jagung. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanah Typic Haplusteps yang ditanami jagung 2 kali dalam setahun. Pengukuran infiltrasi dan kekuatan tanah dilakukan di enam titik, masing-masing berjarak 15 meter, pada tiap perlakuan. Rata-rata laju infiltrasi pada perlakuan CT adalah 91.87 ± 18.99 mm jam-1 lebih tinggi dibanding pada RT yaitu 64.36 ± 30.97 mm jam-1. Volume air yang terinfiltrasi pada perlakuan CT adalah 1,4 kali lebih banyak dibanding pada perlakuan RT. Perlakuan RT menyebabkan terbentuknya lapisan padat dibawah permukaan tanah dengan kekuatan tanah sebesar 850 kPa, 2 kali lebih besar dibanding perlakuan CT pada kedalaman yang sama. Lapisan padat pada perlakuan RT diduga sebagai penyebab rendahnya laju infiltrasi pada perlakuan tersebut. Korelasi tertinggi (R2 = 0.83) antara qs dan Ksat diperoleh pada kedalaman kedua (8-12 cm) untuk perlakuan RT dan pada kedalaman ketiga (16-20 cm) untuk perlakuan CT (R2 = 0.73) menunjukkan bahwa lapisan tanah yang paling padat mengontrol laju infiltrasi. Ketiga model penduga infiltrasi yang diuji (Parlange, Green and Ampt dan Kostiakov) berkesesuaian sangat baik dengan infiltrasi hasil pengukuran (r2 = 0.99–1.00). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, direkomendasikan untuk melakukan olah tanah dalam (20 – 25 cm) sekali dalam setahun untuk menjaga agar tanah tetap gembur sehingga memperbaiki laju infiltrasi dan pertumbuhan akar. 
Changes in soil quality under conservation agriculture practices in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia Achmad Rachman
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim (Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal) Vol 42, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jti.v42n1.2018.27-36

Abstract

The main challenge for cultivating upland in semi arid environment as in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia is the limited availability of water resources and accelerated deterioration of soil quality.  This study evaluated changes in selected soil properties and soil quality 4 years after the implementation of conservation agriculture (CA) practices. The study was conducted at the CA demonstation plots in Gunung Malang Village, Pringgabaya District, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province.  The surface soil texture was loam with slope ranging from 5 to 10%.  Two CA Models and one farmer practice (LP) were compared.  Within each model three sampling positions were sampled: within the corn planted area (Position A), 0-10 cm from the edge of the corn planted area (Position B), and 10 – 20 cm from the edge of the corn planted area (Position C). Intact soil samples (76 by 40 mm) were taken from the three positions at two depths (100-mm increments) to determine soil physical properties and bulk samples from the surface soil (0 – 15 cm) to determine soil chemical properties in the laboratory. The CA Model had significantly (P < 0.01) lower bulk density (BD), and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and available P (Av P), while Position had significantly affect only BD. The lowest BD (0.87 ± 0.07 Mg m-3) and the highest SOC (1.51± 0.05%) and available pore water (AWC; 18.06 ± 0.76% vol) were found at Position A in CA with permanent pit (PIT). The highest soil quality index was found in Position A followed by Position B and the least was in C indicating that the crop rotation component in CA had relatively small effect on improving soil quality. These results suggested that there is a gradual improvement on soil quality after 4 years of the implementation of conservation agriculture and require longer time than 4 yr to achieve the best soil quality for this semi arid environment