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All Journal JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional
Pandu Utama Manggala
Australian National University
Social Sciences

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The Mandala Culture of Anarchy: The Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian International Society Manggala, Pandu Utama
JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) Vol 1, No 1 (2013): Journal of ASEAN Studies
Publisher : Centre for Business and Diplomatic Studies (CBDS) Bina Nusantara University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21512/jas.v1i1.764

Abstract

Throughout the years, study on pre-colonial Southeast Asian international relations has not garnered major attention because it had long been seen as an integral part of the China-centred tribute system. There is a need to provide greater understanding of the uniqueness of the international system as different regions have different ontologies to comprehend its dynamics and structures. This paper contributes to the pre-colonial Southeast Asian literature by examining the interplay that had existed between pre-colonial Southeast Asian empires and the hierarchical East Asian international society, in particular during the 13th-16th Century. The paper argues that Southeast Asian international relations in pre-colonial time were characterized by complex political structures with the influence of Mandala values. In that structural context, the Majapahit Empire, one of the biggest empires at that time had its own constitutional structures of an international society, albeit still sought close relations with China.
Penyesuaian Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia terhadap Dinamika Dunia Internasional di Awal Abad 21: Penggunaan Identitas Islam Moderat Manggala, Pandu Utama
Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional Vol. 9, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This article tries to analyze Indonesia's foreign policy at the early 2Ist century, especially during the period of post 9/11 terrorist attack. Since then, the international dynamics focuses more on countries in which Moslem society become the majority, mostly caused by the spread of inter-subjective discourse on the idea of war against terrorism promoted by the government of the United States of America. America then pays more attention on those countries, because they are suspected to be the 'source' of contemporary terrorist movements. Indonesia then, as an Islamic-majority country tries to build bridge between the western countries and Islamic countries. The Indonesian government attempt to construct the image that Islam can also stand in line with democracy. For that reason, Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (DEPLU RI) builds the identity of Indonesian foreign policy as a 'Moderate-Islamic country'. However, on the reality, Indonesian foreign policy's new identity hasn't worked well, because Islam in Indonesia never comes up as the mainstream of Indonesian politics. By using the constructivi s t approach, thi s article tries to explain why the moderate-Islamic identity of Indonesian foreign policy failed to raise Indonesia image in the international world
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