Diajeng Wulan Christianti
Universitas Padjadjaran

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The Right to Water in Jakarta: Limitation in a Sinking City Ahmad Risyad Sumartapraja; Diajeng Wulan Christianti
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 9, No 1 (2022): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Unsustainable groundwater extraction in Jakarta has resulted in the subsidence of its land. Said effect had prompted the Regional Government to limit groundwater extraction. Consequently, the limitation threatens Jakarta residents’ minimum core enjoyment of the Human Right to Water (HRtW). People who live in coastal areas are the most affected. Northern Jakarta have considered the limitation as a burden that force them to spend more on necessities. Since there are no safeguards nor alternatives and that the limitation is from the Regional Government is disproportionate, this study argues that there is a violation of Jakarta residents’ Human Right to Water since their access towards water has been impeded, especially in areas without piped water. The Human Right to Water is a fundamental right, a foundation of the enjoyment of other rights. Like other human rights, it can be limited if the alternatives have already been installed. This study argues that, in the case of Jakarta, the safeguards that are supposed to be put into place is the progressive realization of Human Right to Water. It is the installation of a holistic piped water network. Indonesia has an obligation to provide piped water as a safeguard to its limitations otherwise international human rights law will be violated. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v9n1.a3
The “Modern” Concept of Erga Omnes to Establish the Obligation of Impunity Eradication: Towards the Primacy Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court Diajeng Wulan Christianti
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 5, No 2 (2018): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran

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AbstractDespite the fact that there is no universally accepted definition, international crimes are related closely to civilian casualties and mass destruction, armed conflict, patriotism, and involvement of state. Consequently, domestic jurisdictions often fail to prosecute perpetrators, leaving international law enforcement as the only option for accountability. However, international law remains incarcerated within state-centric image. In the absence of their consent, states do not perceive that they have a duty to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes. This situation triggers impunity. On the other hand, there is a long-standing recognition of jus cogens as a universal and superior norm and the concept of erga omnes obligation for violation on important rights. These two concepts are based on the interest of ‘the whole international community’. All states are required to comply the concepts despite of their willingness to be bound by these concepts. This study was conducted to identify the characters of erga omnes obligation and to examine the possibilities of their application to prosecute international crimes. It also discusses the difficulties of the current erga omnes concept to enforce obligation of impunity eradication, especially for International Criminal Court (ICC). As the one and only permanent international criminal court, ICC received accusations and criticisms for being ‘a selective justice’. Hence, this study puts forward a ‘modern’ erga omnes concept as shift of paradigm from ‘state sovereignty’ to ‘humanity-based approach’. This modern concept is a significant theoretical foundation for the primacy jurisdiction of the ICC because this primacy is the only option that the ICC can apply universally to achieve global justice.AbstrakMeskipun tidak ada definisi yang disepakati secara internasional, kejahatan internasional seringkali dikaitkan dengan korban sipil, kehancuran luar biasa, konflik bersenjata dan semangat patriotisme serta keterlibatan negara. Akibatnya, hukum nasional seringkali gagal dalam menuntut pelaku sehingga mekanisme internasional menjadi satu-satunya cara untuk menuntut pertanggungjawaban pidana pelaku. Namun, hukum internasional masih terpenjara dalam sistem yang terpusat pada negara, sehingga tanpa adanya kesepakatan, negara tidak merasa harus patuh pada kewajiban untuk menuntut pelaku. Hal ini melahirkan iklim impunitas. Sementara itu, hukum internasional sejak lama telah mengakui keberadaan sebuah norma yang universal dan superior yakni jus cogens serta konsep kewajiban erga omnes sebagai sebuah konsekuensi pelanggaran dari suatu “hak-hak yang penting”. Kedua konsep hukum tersebut mendasarkan pada kepentingan masyarakat internasional secara keseluruhan sehingga mengharuskan semua negara untuk patuh terlepas dari keinginan mereka untuk terikat atau tidak dengan norma tersebut. Artikel ini mengidentifikasi karakter dari kewajiban erga omnes dan menelaah apakah karakter tersebut terpenuhi dalam sifat dari kewajiban untuk menghapuskan impunitas. Artikel ini kemudian memaparkan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi bagi konsep erga omnes saat ini dalam perannya menegakkan kewajiban untuk menghapuskan impunitas khususnya bagi International Criminal Court (ICC) untuk berlaku universal. Sebagai satu-satunya mahkamah pidana internasional permanen, ICC telah mendapat banyak kritikan karena dianggap masih “pilih-pilih” dalam menerapkan keadilan. Artikel ini menawarkan konsep erga omnes ‘modern’ sebagai dasar untuk merubah paradigma dari pendekatan berbasis kedaulatan negara menjadi berbasis umat manusia. Konsep modern ini dapat menjadi landasan teori bagi ICC untuk memberlakukan primacy jurisdiction kepada seluruh negara dan mewujudkan keadilan global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v5n2.a1
Balancing the Interests of Justice: The Case of Afghanistan in The International Criminal Court (ICC) Siti Rochmah Aga Desyana; Diajeng Wulan Christianti; Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 8, No 1 (2021): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran

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The interests of justice are criteria of the requirements under Article 53 of the Rome Statute to open a formal investigation of a case. However, it can be misinterpreted due to its lack of clear scopes and standards. The Afghanistan case highlighted this obscurity when The Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) decided that the case should not proceed due to the interests of justice despite lacking negative determination from the Prosecutor, and the Appeals Chamber (AC) overturned this decision by excluding the interests of justice from proprio motu cases. This article verifies the limitations of the criteria in international criminal law (ICL) through the interpretation of the Rome Statute. In addition, it includes the other ICC’s supporting documents and the application to previous cases. This study is of the position that, in the Afghanistan decision, the PTC had overstepped their authority and made an arbitrary decision. The AC had misinterpreted the conjunction between Article 53(3) and Article 15(4) by excluding requirements under Article 53 from proprio motu cases. Based on the opinion, the interpretation on the interests of justice to ensure the criteria still valid as a balancing mechanism under the Rome Statute is very urgent. Menyeimbangkan Kepentingan Keadilan: Studi Putusan Pra-Peradilan dan Banding Mahkamah Pidana Internasional untuk Kasus Afghanistan AbstrakKepentingan keadilan adalah salah satu kriteria dalam Pasal 53 Statuta Roma tentang pembukaan penyidikan kasus. Akan tetapi, kriteria ini sangat mungkin untuk disalahgunakan karena kurangnya kejelasan akan cakupan dan standarnya. Kasus Afghanistan adalah contoh hasil produk dari ketidakjelasan ini. Kamar pra-Peradilan (KPP) memutuskan untuk tidak melanjutkan kasus ini karena melawan kepentingan keadilan meskipun Jaksa menyatakan bahwa kepentingan keadilan telah terpenuhi. Kemudian, Kamar Banding (KB) membatalkan putusan tersebut dengan menyatakan bahwa kepentingan keadilan dalam Pasal 53 tidak seharusnya dipertimbangkan dalam kasus proprio motu. Tulisan ini menganalisis batasan dari kepentingan keadilan dalam hukum pidana internasional dengan mengkaji keberadaannya di hukum domestik dan perspektif Mahkamah Pidana Internasional dalam memaknainya. Melalui kajian ini, ditemukan bahwa KPP telah melangkahi kewenangan mereka dan membuat keputusan tak berdasar pada kasus Afghanistan, dan KB salah memaknai hubungan antara Pasal 53(1) dan Pasal 15(4) Statuta Roma dalam putusannya. Karena pentingnya kriteria kepentingan keadilan, penting untuk segera memberikan penafsiran yang baku agar kriteria tersebut dapat digunakan tanpa melanggar Statuta Roma.Kata kunci: Afghanistan, kepentingan keadilan, Statuta Roma.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v8n1.a6
The Binding Force of the Nuclear Disarmament Obligation upon North Korea and Its Legal Implication under International Law Diajeng Wulan Christianti; Jaka Hananta Rizkullah
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 7, No 1 (2020): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Article VI of the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) requires all state parties to disarm nuclear weapon. Following its official withdrawal from NPT in 2003, North Korea maintains to develop its nuclear weapon and conducts several nuclear tests. Moreover, it even proudly declared as a nuclear state in its Constitution's preamble. It also argues that the nuclear weapon developments and tests were conducted within their territory and, currently, North Korea is not bound by any treaty prohibiting such developments and tests. The statement is strongly opposed by the international community, particularly their neighboring states: Japan and South Korea. This article argues that the obligation to disarm nuclear weapon deriving from the NPT still binds North Korea since such obligation has reached the status of customary international law and consequently binds every state unless such state persistently objects the rule from the beginning of its formation. In this case, North Korea has failed to prove itself as a persistent objector due to the fact it used to be a party to the NPT. This article also argues that, according to 2001 ILC Articles, Japan and South Korea still have a proper legal basis to claim for reparation against North Korea despite the fact that they are not specifically affected by North Korea’s conducts.Kekuatan Mengikat dari Kewajiban untuk Melucuti Senjata Nuklir bagi Korea Utara dan Implikasi Hukumnya berdasarkan Hukum Internasional AbstrakPasal VI Perjanjian Non-Proliferasi Nuklir (NPT) 1968 mewajibkan semua negara peserta untuk melucuti senjata nuklir. Setelah secara resmi menarik diri dari NPT pada tahun 2003, Korea Utara tetap mengembangkan senjata nuklirnya dan melakukan beberapa uji coba nuklir, bahkan mendeklarasikan dirinya sebagai negara nuklir yang juga termaktub dalam Pembukaan Konstitusinya. Korea Utara juga menyatakan bahwa tindakan pengembangan senjata nuklirnya dilakukan di wilayahnya sendiri dan saat ini Korea Utara berpandangan bahwa dirinya tidak terikat oleh perjanjian internasional manapun yang melarang tindakan tersebut. Hal tersebut tentunya sangat ditentang oleh masyarakat internasional termasuk Jepang dan Korea Selatan sebagai negara tetangga Korea Utara. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa kewajiban untuk melucuti senjata nuklir masih mengikat Korea Utara karena kewajiban tersebut telah berstatus hukum kebiasaan internasional. Akibatnya, kewajiban ini mengikat semua negara kecuali bagi negara yang terus-menerus menolak aturan tersebut sejak awal pembentukannya.  Korea Utara gagal memenuhi unsur sebagai sebuah negara yang dikecualikan dari kewajiban ini karena pernah menjadi negara pihak dari NPT tersebut. Selanjutnya, artikel ini menyatakan bahwa, berdasarkan ICL Articles 2001, Jepang dan Korea Selatan, memiliki dasar hukum yang memadai untuk menuntut pertanggungjawaban Korea Utara atas perbuatan salah yang dilakukannya sekalipun kedua negara tersebut bukan merupakan pihak yang secara langsung dirugikan oleh tindakan Korea Utara. Kata Kunci: hukum kebiasaan internasional, Korea Utara, perlucutan senjata nuklirDOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n1.a7
Principle of Neutrality and the Obligation to Prevent International Humanitarian Law Violations: A Case Study of US Military Assistance in Russia-Ukraine War Gregory Joshua Manogar; Diajeng Wulan Christianti
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 10, No 1 (2023): PADJADJARAN JURNAL ILMU HUKUM (JOURNAL OF LAW)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Although international law forbids states to use force against each other, every state has an obligation to stop the ongoing violation of international humanitarian law. Consequently, the relevance of the traditional law of neutrality is questionable and often considered obsolete in contemporary armed conflict. The United States of America introduced the doctrine of qualified neutrality. The doctrine allows other states to do something when there is a threat or ongoing violations of the peace and security of humankind. The United States has commonly justified its military assistance to one of the warring parties using the doctrine as in the current Russia-Ukraine War. The United States provides vast military assistance to Ukraine, consisting of weapons and specialized military training to stop Russian aggression. This study aims to assess the qualified neutrality doctrine from an international law perspective and whether the United States can still preserve its neutral status or become a co-belligerent of Ukraine. This study argues that qualified neutrality will not change the status of a neutral state into co-belligerent if it does not involve any use of force measures or, otherwise, these measures shall fall within the framework of the UN Charter and require authorization from the UN.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v10n1.a5