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All Journal Global Strategis Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Abdi: Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Intermestic: Journal of International Studies PUSAKO : Jurnal Pengabdian Psikologi JKHI
Siti Rokhmawati Susanto
Faculty Of Social And Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga
Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Health Professions Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Germany’s Strategy in Handling COVID-19: The Role of National Leadership Strength and The Maximization of Welfare State Continental System Support Siti Rokhmawati Susanto
Global Strategis Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Global Strategis
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Unair

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.14.2.2020.403-420

Abstract

Pandemi Covid-19 merupakan krisis kesehatan terbesar pada abad ke-21. Diawali dengan kemunculan virus flu jenis baru di Wuhan-China pada Desember 2019, virus ini menyebar ke seluruh dunia dengan sangat cepat sehingga mengakibatkan kematian yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Jerman merupakan salah satu negara yang terdampak pada periode awal virus muncul di Eropa. Setelah menyadari efeknya fatal, Pemerintah Jerman melakukan kebijakan nasional integratif mengatasinya, hingga Jerman perlahan keluar dari krisis. Fenomena ini disebut dengan “German exception”, karena banyak negara masih berjuang mengatasi pandemi. Paper ini meneliti strategi kebijakan nasional Pemerintah Jerman mengatasi Covid-19. Kerangka pemikiran yang dipakai adalah teori kepemimpinan nasional di masa krisis dan peranan sistem welfare state nasional. Argumen yang menentukan keberhasilan Jerman mengatasi Covid-19 adalah peran kepemimpinan nasional Kanselir Merkel yang visioner dan konsisten di masa krisis, serta dukungan sistem welfare state Continental yang dianut negara sehingga menguatkan masyarakat dan kestabilan politik nasional di masa pandemi.Kata-kata kunci: Jerman, Covid-19, kepemimpinan nasional, Kanselir Merkel, sistem welfare state Continental.The Covid-19 pandemic is the biggest health crisis of the 21st century. Starting with the emergence of a new type of flu virus in Wuhan-China in December 2019, this virus has spread throughout the world very quickly and resulting in high deaths worldwide. Germanywas one of the countries affected in the early period when the virus emerged in Europe. After realizing its fatal effects, the German Government carried out an integrative policy to overcome it until the German national came out of the crisis. This phenomenon is calledthe “Germany exception”, as many countries are still struggling with the pandemic. This paper examines the German Government’s national policy strategy to tackle Covid-19. The framework used is the theory of national leadership in times of crisis and the role of thenational welfare system. The arguments that support Germany in overcoming Covid-19 are the role of Chancellor Merkel’s national leadership, who is visionary and consistent in times of crisis and support for the welfare system of the Continental state is a state thatstrengthens society and national political stability during the pandemic.Keywords: Germany, Covid-19, national leadership, Chancellor Merkel, the continental welfare state system.
Japanese Polytechnic Diplomacy in Indonesia: Establishing Electrical Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (EEPIS) as Japan’s Higher Vocational Ambassador to Developing Countries through Triangular Development Cooperation Siti Rokhmawati Susanto
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021): JURNAL HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jhi.v14i2.32339

Abstract

This paper aims to examine implications of Japan’s ‘polytechnic diplomacy’approach as its international development strategy towards Indonesia. Utilizingconcepts and framework related to international development assistance,triangular development cooperation (TDC), and public diplomacy, this paperargues that development fund disbursement affects interactions among actors,not only in bilateral context but also multilaterally. Mainly, on how this activitytransform an aid recipient into a potential partner for the donor’s futureinternational development programs. It is occurred due to the facilitation ofdonor’s triangular development cooperation (TDC). The aid recipient’s successstory thus prompted the donor to perceive them as its development ambassador.the pattern continues as the donor attempts to disseminate the formula to otherdeveloping countries. The Electrical Engineering Polytechnic of Surabaya(EEPIS) exemplifies the case on how a specific foreign aid approach raises globalmultiplier effects to both aid provider and recipient.
The Application of Mask Diplomacy: China’s Belt and Road Initiative as Health Diplomacy in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Countries During COVID-19 Titing Reza Fahrisa; Siti Rokhmawati Susanto; Renatha Rossdiana; Abraham Pardamean
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol. 16 No. 1 (2023): JURNAL HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jhi.v16i1.37533

Abstract

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a diversification of economic, diplomatic, and geopolitical activities, previously known as the “New Silk Road”, which was later changed to “One Belt and One Road”. BRI is one of the Chinese Government’s most ambitious foreign and economic policies. China uses this route to expand its influence and gain attention in destinations in commodities, energy, transportation, and others in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA) countries. This paper uses descriptive qualitative methods to explore various unique phenomena from the Health Silk Road against Vaccination in MENA countries. As a result, 17 countries have become members of the BRI and have cooperated with China, and at this time of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, most MENA countries are using vaccine diplomacy from China to overcome their crisis. This situation is used for China to carry out “Mask Diplomacy” to expand its influence in MENA countries. This proves to be effective for China in improving and creating more significant opportunities to emerge as a “hero” in providing health services to developing countries while increasing its presence in the world. Kata Kunci: COVID-19; Vaccine diplomacy; Belt Road Initiative; Mask Diplomacy; MENA
Sosialiasi Peningkatan Kesadaran Generasi Muda atas Bahaya Dampak Lingkungan Sampah Masker Medis Bekas akibat Pandemi Covid-19: Pengmas Departemen HI FISIP UNAIR di Desa Sukorejo, Kecamatan Bangorejo Kabupaten Banyuwangi Siti Rokhmawati Susanto
PUSAKO : Jurnal Pengabdian Psikologi Vol. 1 No. 1 (2022): PUSAKO : Jurnal Pengabdian Psikologi
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/pusako.v1i1.6

Abstract

The global Covid-19 pandemic has not only raised health issues which have become a big problem, but it has also created complex problems for the international community,such as health, economic unproductivity, and changing patterns of social interaction. Another significant problem that also emerges is an environmental issue, referring to the increasing number of used medical mask waste coming from societies in order to anticipate the virus. This problem is getting more serious as medical mask waste contains plastic waste, where its decomposition takes decades. In order to provide a solution to the increasing waste of used masks, the involvement of the youth is necessary because young people have many positive capacities, compared to others. Therefore, Department of International Relations, Universitas Airlangga establishes apartnership with Madrasah Aliyah Al Huda and Karang Taruna Suka Karya, in the Sukerejo Village, Bangorejo District, Banyuwangi Regency, in a hybrid way. This aims to increase the awareness among youth to manage the waste of used mask waste in more proper procedures, so it will not cause negative impact to the environment.
Meningkatkan Literasi dengan Pelatihan Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah dan Artikel Ilmiah Populer berupa Esai dan Opini di SMA Muhammadiyah Pituruh Probo Darono Yakti; Siti Rokhmawati Susanto; Fadhila Inas Pratiwi
ABDI: Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Vol 6 No 1 (2024): Abdi: Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat
Publisher : Labor Jurusan Sosiologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Padang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/abdi.v6i1.539

Abstract

Menulis merupakan kegiatan yang dapat menjadi kemampuan mendasar dari siswa untuk meningkatkan prestasi dan bertahan di dunia akademis yang menuntut tiap insannya untuk memiliki produk gagasan. Beragam jenis tulisan seperti artikel populer dan ilmiah keduanya memiliki dampak dan tujuan tertentu yang disasar. Secara konseptual, teknik penulisan ilmiah dan populer memiliki perbedaan. Problematika utama dari generasi Z saat ini adalah kurangnya membaca yang mana perlu media berupa kegiatan penulisan agar kemudian menjadi pemicu untuk membaca buku dan referensi lain yang dapat memperkaya khazanah pengetahuan. Adapun tujuan dari pengabdian kepada masyarakat dilakukan dalam rangka pengembangan kapasitas siswa agar dapat siap menghadapi dunia perkuliahan sekaligus meningkatkan minat baca yang dapat dimotivasi apabila membiasakan diri menulis dengan sumber yang relevan. Lokasi sekaligus mitra dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Pituruh, Purworejo yang sejauh ini telah mengembangkan pendidikan pesantren. Metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah tatap muka dan membuka kesempatan pada sesi diskusi kelompok terpumpun agar dapat memetakan minat baca sekaligus minat menulis dari siswa. Hasil daripada pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini mengindikasikan siswa SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Pituruh tertarik untuk mengembangkan gagasan dan pemikirannya ke dalam tulisan hingga termotivasi untuk masuk ke perguruan tinggi.
Kegagalan Sosialisme Africa (African Socialism) Tanzania dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Eksploitasi Sumber Daya Alam Tambang oleh Inggris (2015-2020) Galuh, Ni Made Kayika; Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati
Intermestic: Journal of International Studies Vol 8 No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/intermestic.v8n1.13

Abstract

ABSTRAK Tulisan ini berbicara mengenai kegagalan African Socialism Tanzania dalam menghindarkan negara dari eksploitasi sumber daya tambang oleh Inggris pada tahun 2015-2020. African Socialism adalah ideologi pembangunan Tanzania yang diimplementasikan dalam praktik politik dan ekonomi. Prinsip “sosialis” berarti kontrol pemerintah Tanzania terhadap ekonomi negara untuk menghindari “kapitalis” yaitu pihak yang mengakumulasi kapital di atas kepentingan masyarakat Tanzania. Tanzania mengedepankan kebijakan sosialisme-demokratis yang berfokus pada 1) absensi eksploitasi, 2) kontrol produksi oleh pemerintah dan para pekerja, serta 3) ditegakkannya demokrasi. Namun, pada era presiden John Magufuli, kasus-kasus eksploitasi tambang oleh perusahaan Inggris justru meningkat. Magufuli yang mengimplementasikan African Socialism melalui sistem ekonomi nasionalis gagal dalam mengeluarkan Tanzania dari kategori least developed country. African Socialism seharusnya menjadi ideologi pembangunan negara yang menonjolkan kemandirian dan asertivitas Tanzania dalam menghindari eksploitasi neokolonialisme. Anomali ini mengarahkan pada pertanyaan penelitian mengapa African Socialism gagal dalam menghindarkan sumber daya alam tambang Tanzania dari posisi tereksploitasi oleh Inggris pada tahun 2015-2020. Pertanyaan tersebut diteliti secara eksplanatif dengan kerangka state failure theory. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa pemerintah Magufuli keliru dalam mengimplementasikan African Socialism pada aspek politik dan ekonomi yang merupakan bentuk kegagalan pembangunan negara. Kegagalan tersebut memudahkan konsesi pemerintah dan perusahaan Inggris terhadap sumber daya tambang Tanzania. Kata kunci: African Socialism, eksploitasi, Inggris,state failure, Tanzania. ABSTRACT This paper examines the failure of Tanzania’s African Socialism which leads the country entrapping into exploitation of mining resources by the British government in 2015-2020. African Socialism is Tanzanian development ideology that is adressed to conduct political and economic practices. “Socialist” principles refer to the ability of Tanzanian government in control of the domestic economy, and to avoid capitalist actors, namely those who accumulate capital above the interests of the Tanzanian people. Tanzania puts forward socialist-democratist policies focusing on 1) the absence of exploitation, 2) control of production by the government and workers, and 3) upholding democracy. However, during the era of President John Magufuli, cases of mining exploitation by the British companies have increased. Magufuli, who implemented African Socialism through a nationalist economic system failed to remove Tanzania from the category of least developed country. African Socialism should be the country’s development ideology that emphasizes Tanzania’s independence and assertiveness in avoiding the exploitation of neocolonialism. This anomaly directs to the research question on why African Socialism failed to prevent Tanzania’s natural mining resources from being exploited by the British in 2015-2020. The question is examined explanatively with the framework of state failure theory. This paper finds that the Magufuli government was intentiously incorrect in implementing African Socialism, partculary in the context of politics and economy, which exemplifies the form of state-building failure. The failure eased British government and corporate concessions to Tanzania’s mining resources. Keywords: African Socialism, exploitation, United Kingdom, state failure, Tanzania.
Understanding China's Defensive-Moderate Approach to International Relations Yakti, Probo Darono; Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati
Global Strategis Vol. 19 No. 2 (2025): Global Strategis
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.19.2.2025.331-352

Abstract

This article reinterprets Chinese foreign policy through the lens of strategic culture by advancing the concept of a defensive-moderate approach, defined as a deliberate blend of assertive defense and restrained diplomacy. While conventional analyses often rely on frameworks such as defensive realism or economic interdependence, this article emphasizes the formative role of Confucian values, including harmony, hierarchical order, and moral governance, in shaping China’s external behavior. Drawing on original research from a doctoral dissertation examining China’s interactions with the United States and India, this article explains how these values are internalized by elites, institutionalized in policy discourse, and manifested in practices such as preference for multilateralism, non-intervention, and calibrated responses to conflict. Through empirical illustrations from the Belt and Road Initiative, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and border management strategies, this article argues that China’s foreign policy is not merely reactive or materially driven but reflects a culturally informed strategic posture. This perspective challenges rationalist models of state behavior and offers a more nuanced understanding of China’s role in global affairs by highlighting the importance of socially constructed norms in foreign policy decision-making. Keywords: Strategic Culture, China, Confucianism, Foreign Policy, Defensive-Moderate Artikel ini menafsirkan ulang kebijakan luar negeri Tiongkok melalui lensa budaya strategis dengan mengajukan konsep pendekatan defensif-moderat, yang didefinisikan sebagai perpaduan yang cermat antara pertahanan asertif dan diplomasi tertahan. Sementara analisis konvensional sering mengandalkan kerangka seperti realisme defensif atau ketergantungan ekonomi, artikel ini menekankan peran nilai-nilai Konfusianisme seperti harmoni, tatanan hierarkis, dan pemerintahan bermoral dalam membentuk perilaku eksternal Tiongkok. Berdasarkan riset orisinal dari disertasi doktoral yang mengkaji hubungan Tiongkok dengan Amerika Serikat dan India, artikel ini menjelaskan bagaimana nilai-nilai tersebut diinternalisasi oleh para elite, dilembagakan dalam wacana kebijakan, dan diwujudkan dalam praktik seperti preferensi terhadap multilateralisme, non-intervensi, serta respons yang terukur terhadap konflik. Melalui contoh empiris dari Belt and Road Initiative, Organisasi Kerja Sama Shanghai, dan strategi pengelolaan perbatasan, artikel ini berargumen bahwa kebijakan luar negeri Tiongkok tidak sematamata bersifat reaktif atau didorong oleh kepentingan material, melainkan mencerminkan postur strategis yang didasarkan pada budaya. Perspektif ini menantang model-model rasionalis tentang perilaku negara dan menawarkan pemahaman yang lebih bernuansa mengenai peran Tiongkok dalam politik global dengan menyoroti pentingnya norma-norma sosial yang dikonstruksi dalam pengambilan keputusan kebijakan luar negeri. K Kata-kata Kunci: Strategic Culture, Tiongkok, Konfusianisme, Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Defensif-Moderat
Tracing the strategic roots of Confucianism in China’s contemporary foreign policy Yakti, Probo Darono; Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati; Wicaksana, I Gede Wahyu; Afdholy, Nadya
Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Vol. 38 No. 2 (2025): Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mkp.V38I22025.202-214

Abstract

As China asserts its global role, principles such as harmony (hé), benevolence (rén), and the doctrine of the mean (zhōng yōng) increasingly influence its diplomatic behavior. These values form the basis of what this study calls a “Defensive-Moderate Confucian Approach,” integrating strategic culture, constructivism, defensive realism, and soft power. This article examines how Confucian strategic values shape China’s foreign policy, particularly under Xi Jinping’s leadership. Through case studies of China’s relations with the United States and India, the paper highlights how Confucian ethics guide both cooperative projects like the Belt and Road Initiative and calibrated responses in territorial disputes. While contradictions between moral ideals and strategic interests occasionally emerge, Confucianism remains a key reference in shaping China’s pursuit of order and stability. The article argues that China’s international conduct cannot be fully explained by materialist frameworks alone. Instead, Confucian thought offers a culturally grounded lens for interpreting its foreign policy choices. By doing so, the study contributes to broader discussions in International Relations and Chinese Studies on the enduring impact of historical values in contemporary global politics.
COVID-19 Infodemic in Indonesia: Impacts on National Security and Government Responses Hennida, Citra; Inas Pratiwi, Fadhila; Rokhmawati Susanto, Siti; Atsir, Salmavira; Eno Nabilah, Amelia; Sugianto Putri, Rizky; Yuni Ekasari, Devi
JSP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan ilmu Poltik) Vol 28, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jsp.98766

Abstract

The infodemic, characterised by widespread misinformation and disinformation about COVID-19, including its transmission and vaccines, was a significant issue in Indonesia from 2020 to 2023, during and after the pandemic. This research aims to analyse the impact of the infodemic on Indonesia's national security during this critical period, emphasising the importance of understanding how infodemic can influence national security. This article presents a rigorous literature review and process tracing method, collecting data from various stakeholders, journal articles, news media, and reports from international organisations to explore the correlations between infodemic and national security. It argues that Indonesia's extensive social media landscape and low public health literacy levels have intensified the spread of viral misinformation, undermining the pandemic response. The government's initiatives to combat the infodemic were successful, as evidenced by increased compliance with COVID-19 protocols and vaccination participation. The article is organised into four sections. The first discusses misinformation in Indonesia and offers a literature review. The second explores theoretical arguments regarding the infodemic's impact on national security. The third examines government responses and stakeholder involvement. The final section analyses the effectiveness of these efforts.
Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs) dan Konsep Pembangunan Masyarakat di Negara-negara Kepulauan Kecil: Madagaskar dan Maladewa Syakirin, Jamaluddin; Susanto, Siti Rokhmawati
Kajian Hubungan Internasional Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Sciences - Universitas Wahid Hasyim

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31942/khi.2025.4.2.14515

Abstract

The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) serves as a development benchmark in various countries to achieve balanced and sustainable global development. This presents various challenges, depending on the capabilities of each country. Small island nations, in addition to unique circumstances, also face program adaptations to achieve the SDGs, as determined by the target milestones. Community development programs in Madagascar and the Maldives demonstrate similarities and different approaches, tailored to the unique contexts of each country. This article employs a comparative case study methodology, analyzing secondary data from government reports, NGO initiatives, and academic literature on SDG-related programs in both nations. Key findings reveal that while both countries prioritize poverty alleviation through livelihood diversification (e.g., fisheries in the Maldives and agriculture in Madagascar), environmental sustainability efforts differ: the Maldives focuses on climate-resilient tourism, whereas Madagascar emphasizes reforestation and biodiversity conservation. These approaches enhance community quality of life but highlight resource constraints in small islands. The study concludes that context-specific adaptations are essential for SDG success, offering policy recommendations for other vulnerable nations.
Co-Authors Abraham Pardamean Atsir, Salmavira Eno Nabilah, Amelia Galuh, Ni Made Kayika Hennida, Citra I Gede Wahyu Wicaksana, I Gede Wahyu Nadya Afdholy Pratiwi, Fadhila Inas Probo Darono Yakti Renatha Rossdiana Rizky Sugianto Putri Syakirin, Jamaluddin Titing Reza Fahrisa Yuni Ekasari, Devi