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Analysis of urine pH measurement using Arduino UNO-based pH Sensor Achmad Safii; Muhammad Ghozali
Journal of Holistic Medical Technologies (JHMT) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): June
Publisher : Konsorsium Pengetahuan Innoscientia (KOPINNOS)

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Abstract

Naturally, humans possess excretory organs that function to eliminate metabolic waste products. Urine is one of the fluids resulting from metabolic waste in the body. Urine can serve as an indicator of actual body condition. Urine pH measurement is one of the easily accessible methods for determining the body's acid-base balance. The pH meter system for urine pH detection was constructed using a pH V1.1 sensor as hardware with Arduino Uno assistance as both hardware and software for program processing. This research focuses on designing a device to determine urine pH levels using the Research and Development (R&D) pH meter method. Device calibration using buffer solutions with pH values of 4.01, 6.86, and 9.18 yielded a device error value of 0.11% and standard deviation (S) = 0.0091. Testing was also conducted using 30 human urine samples from subjects aged 16 to 40 years. The tested urine samples were 100 ml each, with results showing pH values ranging from 4.86 to 6.97. The standard deviation (S) for urine sample testing was 0.081. The difference in standard deviation values between calibration and urine samples was attributed to probe cleanliness on the pH meter, emphasizing the importance of probe cleanliness when switching between samples.
Dose Analysis of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) in Brain Cancer Based on Cyclotron Using PHITS Application Simulation Muhammad Ghozali; Heni Sumarti
Journal of Holistic Medical Technologies (JHMT) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): June
Publisher : Konsorsium Pengetahuan Innoscientia (KOPINNOS)

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Abstract

One of the cancers is brain cancer, the most dangerous of which is Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). The research conducted aims to determine the effect of boron concentration on the boron dose rate, irradiation time and absorbed dose. Current cancer treatment still provides deterministic effects (tissue reactions) of radiation to patients and long therapy times. Therefore, researchers conducted research on Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) in the treatment of cancer patients that is more selective in destroying cancer cells and is safe because it does not damage healthy tissues around it and the therapy requires a short time. The type of research conducted is quantitative experimental research. The research method with simulation uses the Particle and Heavy Ions Transport code System (PHITS) application on therapy process of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) for brain cancer patients type of Glioma grade 4 called Glioblastoma Multiforme. Patient modeling is based on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory-Medical Internal Radiation Dose (ORNL-MIRD) phantom in adult men who have a brain cancer diameter of 4 cm at a depth of 7 cm with a neutron source from a 30 MeV Cyclotron. The boron concentration used has 3 variations, as follows 20 μg/g, 40 μg/g and 60 μg/g of cancer tissue. Based on the results of the study at a boron concentration of 60 μg/g in the Gross Total Volume (GTV) organ or the center of cancer cells with a dose rate value of 11,160 x 10-2 Gy/s, thus accelerating the irradiation time within a period of 4 minutes 48 seconds and the absorbed dose increases by 30 Gy. Thus, it can be concluded that the higher the boron concentration, the faster the boron dose rate value, the greater the absorbed dose and the faster the irradiation time when carrying out brain cancer therapy.