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The global shipbuilding war: An in-depth analysis of the technological upgrading and competitive strategies of Major Global Regional Blocs Sanusi Mohammed Sadiq; Invinder Paul Singh; Muhammad Makarfi Ahmad; Bashir Sanyinna Sani
Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal Acta Aquatica, Vol. 13: No. 1 (April, 2026)
Publisher : Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/aa.v13i1.25176

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive, longitudinal analysis of ocean goods trade dynamics for BRICS, the European Union (EU), G-20, G-77, and the OECD from 2012 to 2023. Utilizing data from UNCTAD, the research employs a tripartite analytical framework, examining Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Openness, and Trade Intensity indices across five key sectors: Marine Fisheries, Seafood Processing, Sea Minerals, Ships & Port Equipment, and High-Technology Manufactures. A critical methodological innovation involves adjusting nominal values for inflation to derive real-term trade metrics, revealing more accurate growth trajectories. The results unveil a complex, multi-polar ocean economy with distinct bloc specializations. BRICS demonstrates a robust and rising comparative advantage in shipbuilding, positioning it as a specialized industrializer, though its overall trade openness has declined in real terms. The synthesis of these findings leads to a novel typology of regional blocs within the global ocean economy. The discussion underscores the strategic implications of these divergent pathways, emphasizing the need for policies that align economic competitiveness with the principles of the sustainable Blue Economy. This study concludes that understanding these comparative dynamics is essential for crafting effective trade, industrial, and environmental policies aimed at fostering equitable and sustainable growth within the global ocean commons. Keywords: Blue Economy, Development; Economic Blocs; Sustainability; Supply Chain
Cost Efficiency of USAID Markets II Beneficiary Smallholder Rice Farmers in Nigeria’s Kano State Sanusi Mohammed Sadiq; Invinder Paul Singh; Muhammad Makarfi Ahmad
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 4 No. 3 (2021): InJAR, Vol. 4, No. 3, November 2021
Publisher : Talenta Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32734/injar.v4i3.6178

Abstract

The present research attempted to address cost inefficiency of USAID MARKETS II smallholder farmers in Nigeria’s Kano State using farm survey data obtained from 189 farmers through a multi-stage sampling technique. The farm survey data were elicited viz. well-structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedule during the 2018 cropping season. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics- stochastic cost frontier function. The empirical evidence showed that none of the technical unit was cost efficient and this owed majorly to extension gap given its interwoven link with risk inducing factors. Besides, only 57.7%, marginally above half of the sampled technical units were fairly cost efficient i.e. close to the optimum minimum cost preferred for the production process. On the average, a technical unit wasted 14.7% of its actual incurred cost which translates to N1100 ($3.7) relative to the best practiced farmers facing the same technology and producing the same output. Therefore, since the farmers still have the room to eliminate the extra cost incurred, the study advice the program to explore further the advisory services offered to the farmers, thus addressing the extension gap that inhibited the farmers’ cost efficiency. The sustainability of the project in the near future in the absence of the advisory services especially farmer-2-farmer extension services if not explored is unlikely.