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Oral History Versus Oral Tradition Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora Vol 10, No 1 (1998)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

When in 1974, a religious teacher tried to reopen a religious school in Kedung Turi Village, Plasa Sub-District which had been in operation in the northern area since the mid of the 19th century. Since there is no relation in many respects between the newly emerged kyai in Kedung Turi and the relatively settled-down older kyais of southern part, namely in Tebuirang, Tambakberas, and the surrounding villages, they declared that the kyai of Kedung Turi is not a genuine kyai. In this paper, an attempt is made to discover why the Kedung Turi religious school is considered as not a genuine pesantren and the kyai is not a genuine kyai and how it developed within period of relatively in relatively short period of time has been attracting so many followers.

BEBERAPA HAL TENTANG KAJIAN SEJARAH SOSIAL-EKONOMI INDONESIA: SEBUAH SURVAI Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora Vol 11, No 1 (1999)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Sampai dengan awal kemerdekaan Indonesia, buku-buku tentang sejarah Indonesia pada umumnya ditulis oleh penulis bangsa Belanda (misalnya karya Eijkman dan Stapel, 1933 ; Fruin-Mees, 1922). Para penulis karya tersebut pada umumnya berpandangan Neerlando-sentris . Oleh karena itu, uraian yang dihasilkan adalah semata-mata menceritakan petualangan bangsa Eropa, khususnya bangsa Belanda, di dunia Timur . Sangat sedikit cerita tentang bangsa Timur dijumpai dalam karya tersebut. Apabila ada cerita tentang bangsa Timur itu, hal itu karena keterlibatannya dengan kepentingan bangsa Eropa, balk sebagai pembantu yang balk maupun musuh mereka dalam berpetualang . Namun, satu karya monumental yang lain dari tema yang lazim pada waktu itu ialah karya Van Leur (1955), yang menempatkan peranan penting masyarakat pedagang di Asia Tenggara dalam kegiatan ekonomi sejak sebelum kedatangan bangsa Eropa.

PERPINDAHAN PENDUDUK DAN EKONOMI RAKYAT JAWA, 1900-1980 Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora Vol 11, No 3 (1999)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Perpindahan penduduk ke atau dari Pulau Jawa telah terjadi sejak abad ke-18 Masehi atau bahkan abadabad sebelumnya . Asal usul suku-suku bangsa yang ada di Indonesia yang berasal dari Hindia Belakang serta dataran Indo- China menggarisbawahi suatu hipotesis yang menyatakan bahwa perpindahan penduduk merupakan salah satu ciri yang dijumpai dalam perkembangan peradaban umat manusia . Pada masa pascamasuknya agama Islam ketika peradaban umat manusia telah berkembang relatif maju, perpindahan penduduk masih terus berlangsung . Sudah barang tentu sifat atau faktor penyebab terjadinya pergerakan penduduk itu berbeda dari satu masa dengan masa yang lain .

JAVA AND THE MAKING OP THE NATION Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora Vol 12, No 2 (2000)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Java, one out of 13.000 islands in Indonesia, is the most densely populated island . Compared to those of outer islands, the soil of Java Island is the most fertile one . It is due to the availability of mountains which provide ash to the soil and the avilability of rivers which spread all over the island . This geographical condition is associated with the fact that Java was and is the centre of human activities or socio-economics . a s well as political and cultural dynamics not only in Indonesia but also in Southeast-Asia (The description of this chapter is based on the account of Ricklefs, 1981 ; Anwar Harjono, 1997 ; Aqib Suminto, 1985 ; Kuntowijoyo, 1991 ; Usman Tampubolon, 1991 : Deliar Noer, 1988 ; Korver, 1985 except exclusively stated) . The Dutch who come to Indonesia during trse period from the 17th until 18th century. did not make any significant change because they were basically to follow the activities of local traders, namely the Javanese . Madurese, Bugenese, as well as other Sumatranese who were actively sailing traditional sea-route connecting towns and cities located along coastal areas of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Smaller Islands (Sunda Kecil), South Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku (Sartono Kartodirdjo, 1987 see also van Leur, 1955 ; Meilink-Roelotsz, 1962 ; Day, 1966 ; Furnivall, 1939) . In this period, Java seems to be the centre of not only political activities to the traditional rulers in Indonesia, although there were also traditional rulers in other Humaniora Volume Xll. No . 2/2000 islands such as in Makasar and East Sumatra, but also to the European powers namely the Dutch and British . s The degradation of local rulers in Java was marked by the penetration of interfOrence of military units of the Dutch . Through the implementation of the policy the so called to divide and rule (devide et i1nperaj, the Javanese people were exploited and impoverished . In the process of mobilization and exploitation of any resourdes available in the colony, local rulers were also used as mediators . Consequently the backwardness and poverty occuring in the colony was caused by the exploitation carried out by the colonizers as well by the condition of traditional socio-economic tructure. Apart from the basic human right based on Islamic teaching, the backwardness and the poverty existing in the majority of the people in Indonesia was the main issue raised by the innitiators of nationalist movement in the early period. In the process of the development of national awareness among many sectarian organizations there were many factors that could be associated with, namely the common suffering shouldered by the majority of the Indonesian people for so long period of time, the common interest namely the ultimate goal ©f obtaining independence from the colonizers, and the same in common in the territory as a basis in building a nation (Abdullah, 1966).

GERAKAN PEMBAHARUAN ISLAM INDONESIA DARI MASA KE MASA: SEBUAH PENGANTAR Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora Vol 19, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

This paper attempts to explore the roles of Islamic social organizations which have been very instrumental in the social and cultural transformations in Indonesia. The birth of Islamic organizations and Islamic leaders cannot be separated from oppression of the colonials which had resulted in poverty and backwardness among the Indonesian people. The exploitation of the colonial rulers as well as the oppression of the feudal authorities had created bad attitudes which were against the values of Islam. This paper also observes the conditions which gave birth to some Islamic social movements and describes how social and cultural environments had forced the Islamic leaders and social organizations to find the way out of the problems by conducting social and cultural reformation. They had been successful and the present reformists should learn from their success.

Uneven Development: East Kalimantan 1850-1950 A Preliminary Survey Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora No 5 (1997)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

The dynamic of economic change occurring in East Kalimantan during 1850 - 1950 period was more or less affected by the interaction between the existing traditional and modern economy. In other words, a group ofpeople of particular area or particular job enjoyed better lifelihood through utilizing economic opportunity created by trading activities and modern industry while others did not. We begin with the trading activities and then followed by agriculture versus timber and mining industry at the end.

Ekonomi Perkebunan dan Keresahan di Pedesaan: Sebuah Survai Awal Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora No 2 (1995)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Gambaran klasik tentang pengaruh ekonomi perkebunan terhadap ekonomi dan masyarakat petani di sekitarnya di negara berkembang yang eksploitatif dan opressif sejak lama telah mewarnai pemikiran para peneliti yang tertarik dalam bidang tersebut Andre Gunder Frank (1967) adalah penganjur dan tokoh dari pemikiran itu, kemudian muncul pemikir-pemikir lain, meskipun dengan berbagai variasi dalam memberikan penekanan, misalnya Laclau (1971) yang menekankan hubungan perburuhan di perusahaan perkebunan sebagai issu sentral dalam perekonomian kapitalis. Karya tentang ekonomi perkebunan yang menggunakan pendekatan serupa di Indonesia antara lain dilakukan olen Ann Stoler (1985) yang melakukan penelitian di Sumatra Timur.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY: THE TREND IN THE STUDY ON INDONESIAN HISTORY 1950-1980S Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora No 1 (1994)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

In the early years of Indonesian independence, the study of Indonesia's recent history tended to be dominated by scholars who emphasized political and cultural themes in their studies. There was a need to explain those developments of the colonial period which underlay some of the most important features of newly independent Indonesia. About two decades ago a new dimension began be opened up in the Indonesia social sciences when a group of historians and social scientists carried out studies of socioeconomic history of certain localities on Indonesia. The development of the social sciences in Indonesia was also leading to a better understanding of rural society. This new focus on Indonesian historical and socio-economic studies, directed especially at agricultural and socialaspects, was very appropriate.

Reorganisasi Agraria di Surakarta pada 1918 dan Akibatnya terhadap Petani dan Perusahaan Belanda Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora No 8 (1998)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Reorganisasi Agraria yang dilaksanakan di Karesidenan Surakarta pada 1918 kecuali memberikan hak yang lebihkuat kepada petani penggarap tetapi juga sebenarnya memberikan beban atau dengan kata lain tanggung jawab kepada perusahaan perkebunan yang milik modal Belanda untuk menyelenggarakan pengusahaan tanaman pangan bagi kepentingan masyarakat petani di wilayah kerjanya. Dalam kaitann ya dengan hal Itu, pengusaha Belanda menuntut berbagai kemudahan yang mereka pernah nikmatipada masa diberlakukannya apanage stelsel. Dalam pelaksanaan Reorganisasi ini terkait sekurang-kurangnya tiga pihak yaitu Sunan, petani dan perusahaan perkebunan. Dalam berhubungan dengan Sunan dan petani, pengusaha Belanda lebih banyak memanfaatkan pengaruh pejabat lokal Belanda.Satu perubahan penting dalam penguasahaan tanah yang empengaruhi pengusahaan tembakau di daerah Swapraja yang terjadi pada kurun 1917-1915, ketika itulah suatu Reorganisasi Agraria dilaksanakan yang mengakibatkan sistem apanage diakhiri yang memberikan kemudahan perusahaan perkebunan dalam memperoleh tanah pada abad 19. Sistem aparnage merupakan sistem yang unik di Daerah Swapr ja dan tak pernah diterapkan di daerah yang dlkuasai langsung oleh Kompeni di bagian lain dari putau Jawa dan Madura. Sistem ini telah memberikan perusahaan perkebunan Belanda yang bekerja di situ satu kemudahan yang sangat besar dalam bentuk penyediaan tanah dan tenaga kerja secara murah, meskipun ada beberapa kelemahan dari sistem itu sendiri.

DEPRESI 1930-AN DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP HINDIA BELANDA Soegijanto Padmo
Humaniora No 2 (1991)
Publisher : Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Depresi Dunia 19JQ-an menimbulkan situasi yang sulit bagi ekonomi di seluruh dunia dan Hindia Belanda dan terutama pada indusrri perdagangan ekspor. Harga komoditi perdagangan di pasar dunia merosot tajam demikian pula permintaannya. Dengan demikian, jumlah keseluruhan nilai ekspor dan Tanah Jajahan menurun, meskipun demikian bunga dan hutang luar negeri yang tetap linggi masih harus dibayar, yang menciptakan sisa pembayaran luar negeri yang sangat sedikit. Dengan demikian import barang-barang hasil industri merosot tajam dan masih retap rendah selama depresi, terutama periode 1931 - 1935. Hal itu men imbulkan kesulitan ekonomi yang berat di seluruh daerah jajahan. Hal itu juga mengakibatkan bangkrutnya banyak perusahaan perkebunan baik di Jawa maupun di Sumatra Timur. Situasi yang makin membaik terjadi pada 1936 - 1937, meskipun hanya membawa sedikit perbaikan pada kurun waktu menjelang Perang Dunia II, yang menciptakan situasi yang jauh lebih parah bagiekonomi perkebunan secara keseluruhan. Dalam makalah ini akan dibicarakan tentang interpretasi Depresi 1930-an dari berbagai dimensinya, serta dampak yang ditimbulkannya terhadap Hindia Belanda.

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