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Soetjiningsih Soetjiningsih
Department of Child Health, University of Udayana Medical School/Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology

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Relationship between protein energy malnutrition and social maturity in children aged 1-2 years Nurhayati Nurhayati; Soetjiningsih Soetjiningsih; I Ketut G. Suandi
Paediatrica Indonesiana Vol 42 No 11-12 (2002): November 2002
Publisher : Indonesian Pediatric Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14238/pi42.6.2002.261-7

Abstract

Background Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) affects physical, psychological, and social development.Objective To investigate the relationship between PEM and social maturity in children aged 1-2 years.Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study at Child Health Outpatient Clinic, Sanglah Hospital, betweenApril-September 2000. We included children living with their parents, with no handicap or chronically ill condition. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires. Nutritional status was determined based on WHO-NCHS standard, while social maturity was measured by Vineland social maturity scale.Results Of the 200 subjects analyzed, the mean age was 16.9 months (SD 3.8), body weight 10.2 kg (SD 1.7) and social quotient (SQ) score 94.3(SD 10.6). There was a significant correlation between SQ and PEM (B-7.5, CI 95%-10.6;-4.3, p<0.001) parents' occupation (B4.9, CI 95% 2.2-7.7, P<0.001) and mothers' education (B4.2,CI 95% 1.0-7.4, P<0.001).Conclusion This study revealed that the more severe the PEM, the lower the SQ, while the better the education and occupation, the higher the SQ was.
Iron status in breast-fed infants I Gusti Ayu Asih Ratnadi; Soetjiningsih Soetjiningsih
Paediatrica Indonesiana Vol 41 No 7-8 (2001): July 2001
Publisher : Indonesian Pediatric Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (123.381 KB) | DOI: 10.14238/pi41.4.2001.191-6

Abstract

Ninety infants were selected stratified proportionally random sampling and they met the inclusion criteria. Iron status was determined by the serum ferritin level concentration. The nutritional status was determined by the body weight to age based on the standard criteria of WHO NCHS. The quality of food was defined by asking the parents to keep a diary of consumed in the last 7 days minimally for three days. Out of the 90 infants, 50.4 % of them were males and 45.6 % of them were females. Most of them (93.7%) had normal nourished and 8.3 % had undernourished. The prevalence status of low iron was 18.9%. The low iron status began to occur at the age of 4 – 6 months old (6%) and the highest at the age of 9 – 12 months old (65%). Statistically significant differences were found between the iron status and the quality of food supplements over age group. The low quality of food is a risk factor influence the status of low iron. It is suggested that the iron supplements be given to breast-fed infant at the age of 4 – 6 months old.
Co-Authors I Gusti Ayu Asih Ratnadi I Ketut G. Suandi Nurhayati Nurhayati