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Mujtahid Kaavessina
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Smart-Urea-Controlled-Release-Nitrogen-Fertilizer Menggunakan Plastik Biodegradable Poli Asam Laktat Sebagai Carrier Mujtahid Kaavessina; Chitra Husnabilqis; Meylani Tri Hardiyanti
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 1, No 2 (2017): Volume 1 No 2 July 2017
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v1i2.40421

Abstract

Poly lactic acid is a polymer that has been developed as an alternative to substitution of conventional polymers. The properties of this polymer are biodegradable in nature and non-toxic substances. These polymers potentially can be used as a matrix for urea carries. The aim of this research was to synthesize poly lactic acid in a low molecular weight. This product can be used as a matrix that urea release controller during the process of fertilization. The methodology consisted of two stages. The first stage was polycondensation of lactic acid and degradability test. Lactic acid was mixed with SnCl2 catalyst 0.1% and heated to 138oC for 24 hours. The second stage was producing in the form of Smart Urea Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer (CRNF). Urea was dissolved in poly lactic acid through a heating process at 150°C to dissolve urea with variation in urea concentration weight of  0.5%; 0.1%; 0.15%; 0.2%; 0.25%; 0.3% and CRNF granulation processes. Finally, the mixture was granulated in ambient temperature. Chemical analysis was done the molecular weight of poly lactic acid. The relationship between intrinsic viscosity  and  molecular  weight  was  used.  The  IR  spectra  (FTIR)  was  used  to  fine molecular structure. The release testing of urea from the matrix of poly lactic acid uses UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The results showed that the average molecular weight of poly lactic acid is 1149.49 g /gmol. FTIR spectra of CRNF with variation in urea concentration weight showed the presence of groups owned by poly lactic acid and urea. The peaks are1627.03 to 1629.92 cm-1 for the -NH group and 3478.77 to 3498.06 cm-1 for group -OH. The existence of these groups proves the existence of urea in CRNF. The release of urea from poly lactic acid occurs by diffusion. It can be seen, when urea in CRNF form immersed in water, the concentration of urea in water increase as well as the increasing immersed time.
Performance Test of Starch-g-Polyacrylamide Synthesized through Grafting as a Flocculant in Artificial Wastewater Treatment Mujtahid Kaavessina; Ina Fatimah; Suci Soraya
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 2, No 1 (2018): Volume 2 No 1 January 2018
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v2i1.40429

Abstract

Flocculation is one of the steps to get clean water. Grafted flocculant was successfully synthesized by combining the benefits of synthetic polymers (polyacrylamide) and natural polymers (cassava starch). This synthesis used “grafting to” method and passed through two stages, i.e. (i) the synthesis of non-terminated polyacrylamide (nt-PAM) and followed by (ii) grafting of non-terminated polyacrylamide (nt-PAM) on the cassava starch. The obtained flocculants were analyzed their molecular structure to determine the success of grafting. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectra were verifying that polyacrylamide can be attached in the starch molecules. Both neat starch and modified starch were studied as a backbone. The molecular weight of the flocculant is increasing as the increase of acrylamide concentration and polymerization time. The effectiveness of flocculation is relating with the molecular weight. However, the longer chains of attached polyacrylamide show better performance during flocculation than that of shorter chains although the molecular weight was same. The best performance was showed for the flocculant that using: (i) modified starch of cassava as a backbone, (ii) acrylamide concentration of 0.02 M and (iii) polymerization time of 90 minutes. As monitored, it could reduce the turbidity of artificial wastewater about 87,81 %
Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Sirih Sebagai Bahan Aktif Antibakteri Dalam Gel Hand Sanitizer Non-Alkohol Dhika Satriawan Fathoni; Ilham Fadhillah; Mujtahid Kaavessina
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 3, No 1 (2019): Volume 3 No 1 July 2019
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v3i1.43215

Abstract

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efektivitas ekstrak daun sirih sebagai pengganti bahan aktif antibakteri pada hand sanitizer. Ekstrak daun sirih diperoleh dengan cara maserasi daun sirih selama 3x24 jam dalam larutan alkohol 70%. Kadar alkohol pada ekstrak daun sirih hasil maserasi diuapkan dalam vacuum evaporator (T = 60oC) hingga volume ekstrak yang tersisa sekitar 15%. Ekstrak ini digunakan sebagai bahan antibakteri aktif dalam pembuatan gel pembersih tangan. Bahan kimia dasar pembuatan gel seperti karbomer (zat pembentuk gel), propilen glikol (penstabil), gliserin, nipagin dan trietanolamina / TEA (zat alkali) dicampur dan diaduk dalam air suling (sekitar 85 ml) dengan komposisi 0,3 g, 4 ml, 3 ml, 0,02 g dan 0,2 ml, masing-masing. Volume ekstrak yang ditambahkan ke dalam gel divariasikan 8, 10, dan 12 ml. Terakhir, volume hand sanitizer ditambahkan aquades untuk mengatur volumenya 100 ml. Efektivitas dan kualitas hand sanitizer ini dianalisis senyawa aktifnya, keasaman gel (pH), organoleptik, daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri, dan dispersi gel. Staphylococcus aureus dipilih sebagai bakteri yang diuji karena ditemukan di tangan. Kehadiran saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid terdeteksi secara kualitatif di dalam produk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak daun sirih 12 ml (sampel III) memiliki kinerja terbaik pada kisaran konsentrasi ekstrak yang diteliti (8-12 ml). Sampel III memiliki keasaman (pH) dan zona hambat masing-masing sekitar 5 dan 9,78 mm2. Area hambat ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hand sanitizer komersial yang memiliki luas 2,98 mm2. Namun, daya sebar hand sanitizer ini sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan hand sanitizer komersial (sekitar 167% dan 180%). Uji organoleptik menggambarkan bahwa produk ini dapat diterima di masyarakat karena tidak mengiritasi dalam pemakaian. Produk ini lebih aman sebagai hand sanitizer dibandingkan produk sejenis yang menggunakan alkohol sebagai bahan aktifnya. Abstract. This research aims to study the effectiveness of betel leaf extract as a substitute for antibacterial active ingredients in hand sanitizer. Betel leaf extract is obtained by maceration of betel leaves for 3x24 hours in 70% alcohol solution. The alcohol content in the betel leaf extract from maceration was evaporated in the vacuum evaporator (T = 60oC) until the remaining extract volume was around 15%. This extract is used as an active antibacterial ingredient in making hand sanitizer gel. The basic chemicals of making gels such as carbomer (gelling agent), propylene glycol (stabilizer), glycerin, nipagin and triethanolamine / TEA (alkalizing agent) are mixed and stirred in distilled water (about 85 ml) with compositions of 0.3 g, 4 ml, 3 ml, 0.02 g and 0,2 ml, respectively. The volume of extract added in the gel was varied 8, 10, and 12 ml. Finally, the volume of hand sanitizer was added distilled water to adjust its volume 100 ml. The effectiveness and quality of this hand sanitizer were analyzed its active compounds, gel acidity (pH), organoleptic, the inhibitory ability of bacterial growth, and gel dispersion. Staphylococcus aureus was chosen as the bacteria tested because it found in the hands.  The presence of saponin, tannins, and flavonoids is detected qualitatively in the product. The results showed that adding 12 ml extract of betel leaf (sample III) has the best performance in the studied range of extract concentration (8-12 ml).  Sample III has the acidity (pH) and the inhibitory zone about 5 and 9.78 mm2, respectively. This inhibitory area is higher than that of the commercial hand sanitizer, which has an area of 2.98 mm2. However, the spreadability of this hand sanitizer is slightly lower than that of the commercial one (about 167% and 180%). Organoleptic tests depict that this product is acceptable in the community because it does not irritate in use. This product is safer as hand sanitizer than the similar products that use alcohol as an active ingredient.Keywords : betel leaf, antibacterial, hand sanitizer, Staphylococcus aureus
Effect of Acrylamide And Potassium Peroxodisulphate on The Quality of Bead Gel Based on Cassava Bagasse-Carrageenan Using Microwave Grafting Method Sperisa Distantina; Nurul Hidayatun; Shifa Annisa Nabila; Mujtahid Kaavessina; Fadilah Fadilah
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Volume 6, No 2 December 2022
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v6i2.68130

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Hydrogels are widely used for drug delivery systems, immuno-chemotherapy applications, efficient use of water, preventing dry soil, and increasing soil infiltration. Generally, hydrogels are derived from synthetic polymers which is non-biodegradable and toxic. Cassava bagasse is an alternative cellulose to make hydrogels. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the amount of acrylamide and potassium peroxodisulphate (KPS) initiator on the quality of bead gel based on cassava bagasse-carrageenan. Chemical structure of the hydrogel was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. Cassava bagasse was immersed in a solution of n-hexane to separate the fat. Then, fat-free cassava bagasse was grafted with mass ratios of cassava and acrylamide 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15 in 110 mL water. The solution was added with a KPS initiator with weight variations (g) 0.04; 0.08; 0.12 then stirred 15 min. The solution was put in the microwave with 630 watts of irradiation for 450 s with the cooling cycle temperature maintained at 65-70oC. The aqueous of grafted polymer and carrageenan was injected into beaker glass that contained 1 cm of palm oil and mixture of 0.2 M CaCl2 and 0.2 M KCl in an ice bath. Results showed that the highest average swelling capacity was found in the bead gel variation 1:15 with the number of initiators 0.04 g of 1797.95% at a time of 210 minutes of immersion. From FTIR spectrum, it was found that there was a success in grafting acrylamide into bagasse’s backbone using the microwave grafting method with KPS as initiator.Keywords: Acrylamide, Bead Gel, Cassava Bagasse, Grafting Microwave, Potassium Peroxodisulphate
Effect of Potassium Peroxodisulphate and Microwave Power on Hydrogel Character Based on Banana Peel Waste Using Microwave Grafting Method Sperisa Distantina; Ghea Safiraventa Anggreini; Fahrul An'nas Al Kamal; Mujtahid Kaavessina; Fadilah Fadilah
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 7, No 1 (2023): Volume 7, No 1 July 2023
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v7i1.67919

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Musa paradisiaca var. raja peel waste contains cellulose which has the potential to be a raw material for synthesizing hydrogels. This research utilizes acrylamide monomer grafted onto banana peel cellulose backbone using the microwave grafting method to produce hydrogel. The banana peel waste was dried to a constant weight and then crushed into powder. Banana peel powder was through a delignification process with the addition of NaOH and bleached with NaClO to took only the cellulose of the banana peel. The mixture of banana peel cellulose-acrylamide-potassium peroxodisulfate powder through the grafting process was repeated with variations in KPS concentration and microwave power. The reaction was terminated with a hydroquinone solution, washed with acetone, and then precipitated. The precipitated solid was dried to a powder called cellulose-g-PAAM. A homogeneous solution of 2% carrageenan-cellulose-g-PAAM underwent a physical crosslinking process using KCl and CaCl2 solutions after passing through palm oil to form a bead gel. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of potassium peroxodisulfate (KPS) initiator concentration and microwave power on the swelling capacity in water. The properties of obtained dried bead gels were characterized their functional groups using FTIR and swelling capacity test in water. From this research, it can be concluded that banana peel cellulose was successfully grafted onto acrylamide monomer as evidenced by the FTIR test results. The lower KPS concentration is the greater on the swelling capacity and the microwave power has no effect on the swelling capacity of bead gels.Keywords: Banana peel, Bead gel, Microwave, Swelling degree 
Bead Gel Preparation from Cassava Baggase Grafted Acrylamide and Carrageenan Sperisa Distantina; Dea Espina Banowati; Laura Hanifa Aprian; Mujtahid Kaavessina
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 2 (2024): Volume 8, No 2 December 2024--Online First
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i2.85999

Abstract

Abstract. This research intends to prepare bed gels for medium of plant growth. Bead gels were prepared by grafting cassava bagasse by acrylamide with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator using microwave energy. This research aims to examine the effect of the ratio of acrylamide to APS initiator on the swelling capacity. Briefly, cassava bagasse powder 1 g in 80 ml distilled water was mixed with acrylamide and APS to form grafted polimer by applying microwave. The resulted grafted polymer powder then was mixed with carrageenan to create bead gels. The formed bead gel was soaked in distilled water to test the swelling capacity. The highest swelling capacity in this research is 1183.333% at a ratio of 0.1 g APS : 15 g acrylamide and 1213.33% at a ratio of 10 g acrylamide : 0.1 g APS. Therefore, the swelling capacity increases with an increase in the ratio of acrylamide and APS. From the results of swelling capacity and FTIR, it can be concluded that the grafting process of cassava bagasse and acrylamide has been successfully conducted. Keywords:Ammonium persulfate, Bead gel, Grafting microwave, Swelling capacity, Cassava bagasse
Co-Authors Chitra Husnabilqis Dea Espina Banowati Dhika Satriawan Fathoni Fadilah Fadilah Fahrul An'nas Al Kamal Ghea Safiraventa Anggreini Ilham Fadhillah Ina Fatimah Laura Hanifa Aprian Meylani Tri Hardiyanti Nurul Hidayatun Shifa Annisa Nabila Sperisa Distantina Sperisa Distantina Suci Soraya