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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI)
Arjun Nepal
Department of Forest Science, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Habitat Ecology of Epiphytic & Terrestrial Orchids in Langchenphu, Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan Kelzang Choden; Jambay; Arjun Nepal; Choden; Bhagat Suberi
Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): August
Publisher : CV. Literasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1450.817 KB) | DOI: 10.47540/ijsei.v2i2.256

Abstract

Orchids are the largest and diverse families of flowering plants. Orchids are found growing mostly in tropical climates affecting various communities socio-economically. Among many protected areas in Bhutan, Jomotshangkha Wildlife Sanctuary (JWS) is the least explored in terms of flora and fauna. The study was carried out to assess diversity, host tree preferences and to determine the growth zone of epiphytic orchids along the altitudinal gradient in Langchenphu gewog in JWS. Transect technique was used in which three trails transect were laid out with 10 sampling plots in each transect. Plots size of 20 m × 20 m along the altitudinal gradients were established maintaining an altitudinal interval of 100 meters between each sample plot. A total of 42 species of epiphytic orchids from 20 genera was recorded of23 host tree species under 15 families were recorded. A significant correlation between diversity of orchid and altitude was observed (r = .927, p < .05). Myrtaceae and Theaceae were the most preferred host tree families (14%) followed by Bignoniaceae (13%) and others respectively. The Study concludes that 57% of total species encountered prefers higher canopy & on a tree with rough bark, Pearson chi-square test (X2(1) = 4.7, p< .05) showed a significant difference between trunk, branches, and canopy. Many epiphytic orchids prefer dense canopy (n = 73, 47%) and living trees (99%). Future studies should be focused more on the flowering season for obtaining better information on orchid diversity in the study area.
Ecological Niche Modelling of King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) in Nepal Sunil Sapkota; Dhan Bdr. Gurung; Arjun Nepal; Karan Bdr. Shah
Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021): August
Publisher : CV. Literasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1402.689 KB) | DOI: 10.47540/ijsei.v2i2.259

Abstract

The fragile ecosystem of greater Himalaya is home to diverse flora and fauna which are vulnerable to climate change impact. This study aimed to determine the suitable habitat of King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) in the current scenario and near-future scenario of the year 2040-2060 (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5). Geographic coordinates of its occurrence were obtained from published literature and environmental layers were obtained from worldclim.org and processed using ArcGIS and software R. The model was developed using MaxENT algorithms. The model was validated using the area under the curve (AUC) and True skill statistics (TSS), which showed that the model is very good (AUC =0.86) and (TSS=0.6). The results showed that altitude is a prime factor affecting the distribution of King Cobra in Nepal with a percent contribution of 31% followed by actual evapotranspiration 14.4% and least by Mean diurnal range (Bio2nep) 7%. The model predicted an area of 41,214 Km2 as suitable habitat for King Cobra in Nepal. The Chitwan National Park possesses a maximum suitable area (726.89 km2) followed by Chitwan-Buffer Zone (601.68 sq. Km2) and least by Sagarmatha National Park (1.73 km2) and Shey-Phoksundo-buffer zone (1.73 Km2). Our data indicate urban areas being the most suitable sites followed by open forest covers. The projection indicates contraction of 8% and 4% in a suitable area for RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6 respectively, whereas RCP 8.5 showed expansion of 4%. Having probably suitable habitat in urban areas research proposes frequent awareness camping about conservation and protection of vulnerable King Cobra in Nepal.
Co-Authors Bhagat Suberi Choden Dhan Bdr. Gurung Jambay Karan Bdr. Shah Kelzang Choden Sunil Sapkota