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All Journal Lampung Journal of International Law (LaJIL) Mimbar Hukum
Muhammad Ardiansyah Arifin
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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GOOD FAITH IN TRIPS COMPULSORY LICENSING OF PHARMACEUTICAL PATENTS: LESSONS FROM PREVIOUS PANDEMIC CASES Muhammad Ardiansyah Arifin
Lampung Journal of International Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/lajil.v3i2.2349

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic impacts the world of patents as countries prepare their legal framework to ease the process of compulsory licensing. Some like India and South Africa even went further by proposing a suspension for patents needed to combat COVID-19 which is still under discussion. It is a real possibility that a patented drug that is effective against COVID-19 would potentially see compulsory licensing in many countries its patent holder is doing business. This article discusses why compulsory licensing is an essential issue by examining its legitimacy, previous cases of compulsory licensing, and the conduct of states in cases of compulsory licensing issuance, particularly in examples of Thailand, Brazil, and India. The article will examine ways of remedy against compulsory licensing, including a theoretical possibility for constitutional review of treaties. The remedies discussed shall include international and domestic remedies, both litigation and alternative measures. The research shall use qualitative research methods with the use of primary and secondary legal sources. The result of this article found that a combination of soft law power of the Doha Declaration and the invocation of subsequent compulsory licensing cases be the support pillars of compulsory licensing practice. However, the practice of compulsory licensing both by the patent holder and the state actors is still not performed entirely in good faith according to the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 1969 and the TRIPS Agreement. Hence, such patent holders need to be familiar with both international and domestic remedies, especially the possibility for constitutional review of treaties remedies.
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ISSUES OF PMSC: INDONESIAN PRACTICE Muhammad Ardiansyah Arifin
Mimbar Hukum Vol 34 No 1 (2022): Mimbar Hukum
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (385.228 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/mh.v34i1.3958

Abstract

Abstract A form of private security contractor exists for maritime security called Private Maritime Security Company (PMSC). PMSCs are not abundant in maritime law scholarly discourse. This underappreciation happens despite the importance of PMSC in Malacca Strait that conducts its services in the jurisdiction of the three littoral states of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Hence, this research article will find out the legal frameworks of the PMSC industry both in the international regime and Indonesian regime and the legality of PMSC business in Indonesia. The method used in this research is normative legal research method with statute approach, historical approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach with sources from secondary sources which include but are not limited to primary legal sources and secondary legal sources. The result from this research highlights the existence of an international non-binding legal framework for PMSC and a legal framework for PMSC in Indonesia. However, there are legal problems concerning the status of passage and PMSC compliance with domestic laws. A recommendation for a legally binding multilateral treaty about PMSC would be a start to increase the legal certainty of PMSC business internationally. At the same time, a domestic regulation in Indonesia that has specific scope in PMSC would allow PMSC business to be better regulated and grown in Indonesia as a legitimate sector.AbstrakSebuah bentuk keamanan swasta untuk keamanan maritim disebut Private Maritime Security Company (PMSC). PMSC kurang dibahas dalam wacana ilmiah hukum maritim. Kurangnya apresiasi ini terjadi meskipun PMSC di Selat Malaka sangat penting dalam menjalankan tugasnya di wilayah hukum littoral states yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Singapura. Oleh karena itu, artikel penelitian ini akan menganalisis kerangka hukum industri PMSC baik di hukum internasional maupun hukum Indonesia serta legalitas bisnis PMSC di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang, pendekatan historis, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan komparatif dengan sumber-sumber dari sumber sekunder yang meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada sumber hukum primer dan sumber hukum sekunder. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyoroti adanya kerangka hukum internasional yang tidak mengikat bagi PMSC dan kerangka hukum bagi PMSC di Indonesia. Namun, ada masalah hukum mengenai status bagian dan kepatuhan PMSC dengan hukum domestik. Rekomendasi perjanjian multilateral yang mengikat secara hukum tentang PMSC akan menjadi awal untuk meningkatkan kepastian hukum bisnis PMSC secara internasional. Pada saat yang sama, regulasi domestik di Indonesia yang memiliki ruang lingkup khusus dalam PMSC akan memungkinkan bisnis PMSC diatur dengan lebih baik dan tumbuh di Indonesia sebagai sektor yang sah.
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