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PERADABAN MASA SEJARAH SITUS EREKE, BUTON UTARA, SULAWESI TENGGARA [1] (The Historical Civilization of Ereke Site, North Buton, Southeast Sulawesi) M. Irfan Mahmud
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol. 6 No. 1 (2014): Juni 2014
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

Ereke is one of regions in the north of Buton Island which grew in the authorization of Muna Palace.Under the threat of pirates and the greatness of Waolio Castle (Buton) and Muna, they built their government in a fortress (intra-murros). It was divided into some units with “kalisusu” as physical symbol of residential centre, and it became their identity. This paper will reveal the archaeological trackin historical landscape. To describe some aspects of community civilization in the history of Ereke archaeological site. At least since XV until XIX centuries. The purpose is to give initial information which can be developed in the broader and deeper research in the future. There was one significant thing found using archaeological survey, although cultural acculturation and assimilation occurred transparently, but the substantive element of local culture can hold up as the identity by adapting the external influence, such as defence system, fortress, armament, import goods, and religious order of the society. ABSTRAKEreke merupakan kawasan di sisi utara pulau Buton yang tumbuh dalam pengaruh penguasa keraton Muna. Di bawah ancaman bajak laut dan bayang-bayang kebesaran keraton Wolio (Buton) dan Muna, mereka membangun pemerintahan dalam benteng (intra-murros). Ruang benteng terbagi dalam beberapa unit, dengan “Kalisusu” sebagai simbol pusat permukiman, sekaligus menjadi identitas yang merekatkan. Tulisan ini akan mengungkapkan jejak arkeologis dalam bentang sejarah (historical landscape) untuk menggambarkan beberapa aspek peradaban komunitas di situs Ereke masa sejarah, sekurang-kurangnya sejak abad XV hingga XIX. Tujuannya, untuk memberikan informasi awal yang dapat dikembangkan dalam penelitian yang lebih luas dan mendalam di masa akan datang. Ada satu hal yang penting ditemukan dengan survei arkeologis, bahwa meskipun akulturasi dan assimilasi budaya berlangsung terbuka, namun unsur subtantif budaya lokal mampu bertahan sebagai identitas dengan tetap mengadaptasi anasir luar, seperti sistem pertahanan (benteng), persenjataan, barang impor, dan tatanan keagamaan.

PELAYARAN DAN PERDAGANGAN ABAD XVII-XIX BUGIS-MAKASSAR KE PAPUA M. Irfan Mahmud
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol. 5 No. 1 (2013): Juni 2013
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

Shipping and trade Bugis - Makassar is one cultural phenomenon in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi rooted since archaic times . Shipping and trade to Papua as expressed in this paper relates to the early days of contact , commodity trading , and archaeological evidence of the existence of the Bugis - Makassar peramanen who live in this area as an intensive relationship implications . It aims to show to the networks - ‘s archipelago , in addition to showing the impact of a long-term relationship between the Bugis - Makassar and Papua which created solidarity and openness that have a place to settle in the local ethnic settlements together . To illustrate these aspects of archaeological survey and literature review , especially for archaeological evidence in the context of shipping and trade XVII - XIX centuries in the Bird’s Head region of Papua into the gate . Based on the data obtained concluded that the diaspora Bugis - Makassar to Papua unrelated to war factor, but purely an economic boost, especially for commodities and profitable market. In the long run some of the traders community decided to stay permanently, but not exclusive residential building.AbstrakPelayaran dan perdagangan Bugis-Makassar merupakan salah satu fenomena kebudayaan di semenanjung selatan Sulawesi yang berakar sejak zaman arkaik. Pelayaran dan Perdagangan ke Papua yang diungkap dalam tulisan ini berkaitan dengan masa awal kontak, komoditas dagang, dan bukti arkeologis adanya orang Bugis-Makassar yang tinggal secara peramanen di kawasan ini sebagai implikasi hubungan intensif. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan jejaring ke-Nusantara-an, selain menunjukkan dampak hubungan jangka panjang antara orang Bugis-Makassar dan Papua yang menimbulkan solidaritas dan keterbukaan sehingga mendapat tempat untuk menetap dalam pemukiman etnis lokal secara bersama-sama. Untuk menggambarkan aspek-aspek tersebut dilakukan survei arkeologis dan kajian pustaka, khususnya mencari bukti arkeologis dalam konteks pelayaran dan perdagangan abad XVII-XIX di wilayah Kepala Burung yang menjadi pintu gerbang Papua. Berdasarkan data-data yang diperoleh disimpulkan bahwa diaspora Bugis-Makassar ke Papua tidak terkait dengan faktor perang, melainkan murni dorongan ekonomi, terutama mencari dan memasarkan komoditas yang menguntungkan. Dalam jangka panjang beberapa diantara komunitas pedagang memutuskan tinggal secara permanen, tetapi tidak membangun pemukiman eksklusif.

AKULTURASI BUDAYA LOKAL DAN KONSEPSI ISLAM DI SITUS KALI RAJA, RAJA AMPAT M. Irfan Mahmud
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol. 5 No. 1 (2013): Juni 2013
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

Founding dynasty in the archipelago in general have origins legend miraculous, as well Petuanan Raja Ampat. Discuss the problems associated with the new colors due to the arrival of the influence of Islamic dynasties parmanensi Maluku and local cultural roots; archaeological evidence and legend dynasty Raja Ampat, as well as implications for public rites on the site supporters until now. In essence, this paper aims to reveal the acculturation of local and Islamic conceptions and their associated folklore. The data were collected through observation, library research, and interviews. Based on the research data it can be seen that happen locally and acculturation while maintaining the Islamic conception of collective memory are internalized through legend and tradition medium Kaliraja rites on the site. Rites were performed routinely in medium kapatnai (Stone Eggs King) is useful in building solidarity and community integration Raja Ampat until now.ABSTRAKBerdirinya dinasti di Nusantara pada umumnya memiliki legenda asal-usul yang penuh keajaiban, sebagaimana juga Petuanan Raja Ampat. Masalah yang bahas terkait dengan warna baru akibat kedatangan pengaruh Islam dinasti Maluku dan parmanensi akar budaya lokal; bukti arkeologis dan legenda dinasti Raja Ampat; serta implikasi ritus pada situs bagi masyarakat pendukungnya sampai sekarang. Pada intinya tulisan ini bertujuan mengungkapkan akulturasi budaya lokal dan konsepsi Islam beserta cerita rakyat yang terkait. Data-data dikumpulkan lewat observasi, studi pustaka, dan wawancara. Berdasarkan data-data penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa terjadi akulturasi budaya lokal dan konsepsi Islam dengan tetap memelihara memori kolektif yang diinternalisasi lewat legenda dan medium tradisi ritus di situs Kaliraja. Ritus yang dilakukan secara rutin pada medium kapatnai (Batu Telur Raja) bermanfaat dalam membangun solidaritas dan integrasi masyarakat Raja Ampat sampai sekarang.

PENGARUH PERADABAN ISLAM DI PAPUA M. Irfan Mahmud
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol. 4 No. 2 (2012): November 2012
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

Research on Islamic civilization in Papua has been implemented since 1996. Starting with limited exploration in the area of Raja Ampat Sorong regency. Then proceed in Fak-Fak regency and Kaimana. Study conducted found that the influence of Islamic civilization was stimulated by trade dynamics, especially the Islamic empire in the Moluccas, the Kingdom of Ternate and Tidore. In its development, the kingdom of Tidore absolute power and give a big hand in the formation of Islamic civilization color via satellite countries in the Bird’s Head region along the surrounding islands to colonial entered. Many archaeological remains indication, other than oral sources and the tradition continues. Archaeological remains were found, including the mosques, tombs, pottery, ceramics, religious symbols, and ancient manuscripts. This paper will focus the discussion on three things: (1) a review of Islamic civilization studies conducted Jayapura Archeology, particularly the constraints and problems that still contain the debate to date, (2) the elements of Islamic civilization are essential, such as cultural character and government (petuanan), network scholars, and elements of material culture, and tradition, (3) Islamic cultural traditions inherited colored Muslim communities in certain pockets on the coast. Thirdly it is expected to provide information and research results that will be developed within the framework of the Islamic era in Papua theme.

Pernak-pernik Penelitian Etnoarkeologi di Papua 2005-2009 M. Irfan Mahmud
Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat Vol. 1 No. 2 (2009): November 2009
Publisher : BALAI ARKEOLOGI PAPUA

There are only few places in the world which still have the analogy materials that could connect two far different era, and one of them is Papua. From the linguistics aspect, Papua has approximately 300 tribes, such as Dani, Asmat, Marind-Anim, Hattam, Ekagi, and Sentani. From those hundreds tribes, the ethnoarchaeological researches in Papua have explored some aspects of analogy-archaeology materials, such as: religion, totem and symbol, habitation, governmental system, and ethnic-musicology. Based on the past 5 years (2005-2009) research, it is turned out that the research programs which have the tendency on ethnoarchaeology reached 75% or 18 from 24, though the effort on bringing the ’analogy’ materials to be analyzed deeply (thick description) is still facing several problems, particularly on human resources, methodology, and planning socialization aspects. Therefore, the RIPAN research format review surely needs to be done so that in the future it could be applied by the archaeologists.

ALAT TUKAR LOKAL DAN IMPOR DI PAPUA M. Irfan Mahmud
AMERTA Vol. 32 No. 2 (2014)
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

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Abstrak: Tulisan ini mengungkapkan bentuk, nilai dan fungsi alat tukar yang pernah digunakan dalam transaksi dagang di Papua pada masa lalu. Tujuannya untuk memperlihatkan sistem moneter penduduk Papua sejak ratusan tahun silam, bahkan masih digunakan sebagai ‘apparatus’ upacara dan pesta adat beberapa suku hingga sekarang. Berdasarkan metode survei arkeologi dan pendekatan etno-arkeologi diketahui bahwa kehadiran alat tukar di pedalaman dan pesisir Papua diperkenalkan oleh jaringan aliansi dagang. Kapak batu, uang kerang, gigi anjing, dan tembikar merupakan alat pembayaran tradisional yang mula-mula dikembangkan secara mandiri di Papua. Perdagangan abad XIV-XX juga memperkenalkan alat tukar impor dari barang mewah di daerah pesisir, berupa: manikmanik, porselin, kain Timor, peralatan besi, dan mata uang logam atau kertas. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penduduk Papua tidak semuanya sekedar menggantungkan hidup dari kemurahan alam; sebagian dari kelompok suku sudah mengembangkan aliansi dagang dan memiliki standar alat tukar yang digunakan dalam transaksi barang/jasa, sekaligus menegaskan identitas, status sosial, dan wibawa. Kata Kunci: Papua, Alat tukar, Perdagangan, Komoditi, Suku. Abstract. Local and Imported Mediums of Exchange in Papua. This paper reveals the forms, values, and functions of the mediums of exchange, which were used in trade transactions in the past in Papua. The purpose is to show the monetary system of Papua citizens since hundreds of years ago; in fact it is still being used as the apparatus of traditional ceremonies and social gatherings in some ethnic groups until today. Based on archaeological survey method and ethno-archaeological approach, it is known that the presence of the mediums of exchange in inland and coastal areas of Papua was introduced within trade alliances. Stone axes, currency, shells, dog’s tooth, and earthenware were the mediums of exchange that were first developed independently in Papua. The trade in 14th – 20th Centuries also introduced luxury items as imported mediums of exchange in coastal area, such as beads, porcelains, Timor fabrics, iron tools of iron, and coins or banknotes. It can be concluded that not all of Papua cirtizens live depend entirely on the nature; some of the ethnics have developed the trade alliances and they also have standard medium of exchange which is used in goods/service transaction, also affirm their identities, social status, and authorities. Keywords: Papua, Medium of exchange, Trade, Commodity, Ethnic.

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