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Green nursing-home model: The Thammapakon Pho Klang nursing home, Thailand W. Kulariyasup; J. Horpibulsuk; S. Horpibulsuk
Lowland Technology International Vol 20 No 1, June (2018)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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This paper presents the design of the new Thammapakon Pho Klang Nursing Home, Nakhon Ratchasima, as a modern model for Thai nursing homes. The nursing home is based on greenbuilding, energy-saving and human-factors engineering principles and covers an area of 102,000 m2 (2,520 acres). The model includes the site design and the buildings of the nursing home, which conforms with green-building and energy-saving principles. The novel nursing home represents a practical approach to the optimization of building use and building resources in the areas of building utilization, water management, waste management, environmentally friendly materials selection, the effect of buildings on the health of building users and the environment, construction, operations, maintenance, and final demolition. The designed buildings include an office building, a hospital, a dormitory for the elderly, a canteen and a multipurpose building. The elderly’s facility design is based on universal design and human-factors engineering. Google’s SketchUp 8 program was used to design the layout of the buildings, the style and size of the openings around the buildings, the building envelope materials, and the position and types of vegetation around the building according to sun direction. It was determined that the overall thermal transmission values (OTTV) and the roof thermal transmission values (RTTV) of the designed buildings are within the prescribed energy-efficient building standard (OTTV < 30 Watt/m2 and RTTV < 10 Watt/m2)

Building with the on-site manufacturing process N. Pattanajan; A. Suddeepong; S. Horpibulsuk
Lowland Technology International Vol 20 No 2, Sep (2018)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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In general, the process of building construction makes the inevitable wastes such as nails, formwork, steel and concrete. In order to reduce these wastes, parts of building have therefore been produced by using the manufacturing process. This process can improve construction process with minimum wastes and time of construction. However, the manufacturing process is not completely effective for building construction. There is also an additional cost for the transportation from manufactory to the construction site. For this reason, to set the exact time of the construction process, to avoid material waste and to effectively reduce the construction cost, all the production processes of manufacturing building should be started and ended at construction sites. This research has studied the Lean Manufacturing Process (LMP) and applied to the process of the construction which is called “the building with the on-site manufacturing process, BMP” to reduce instable human resource by machines which provides three advantages as follows: 1) the better quality, 2) minimum constructing cost and 3) minimum constructing period.

Research oriented ground improvement projects in Changi, Singapore M. W. Bo; A. Arulrajah; V. Choa; S. Horpibulsuk
Lowland Technology International Vol 20 No 2, Sep (2018)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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The Changi East Reclamation projects in Singapore were implemented under 5 Phases commencing from 1991 and completed in 2005 with one phase to another has several of years of overlapping. The total implementation period was 15 years including maintenance. The Phases are named as Phase 1A, 1B, 1C, Area A (North) and Area A (South). Each Phase took about 5 to 6 years to implement. Due to the involvement of large area fills in the form of land reclamation with as thick as nearly 20 meters of hydraulic fills over up to 40 meters thickness of compressible marine clay, significant challenges were present to the geotechnical engineers on geotechnical issues such as slope stability, consolidation settlement and liquefaction potential. Due to the excessive magnitude of settlement likely to occur over a long period of duration caused by consolidation process, extensively large area was required to improve applying ground improvement methods to accelerate the consolidation process. Therefore, a good design of accelerating consolidation process by applying ground improvement method was deemed necessary. Many combinations of pilot tests were implemented to verify the design of ground improvement works. In addition to improving the underlying soils, improvement was also required for the fills which were loosely deposited by means of hydraulic filling techniques. In order to be able to successfully implement these complex projects, applying the most up to date state of the art technologies, implementation of research level planning, investigation, design and implementation processes were required throughout the projects from master planning stage to commissioning stage. Several forms of performance monitoring using geotechnical instrumentation, verification of achieving specified improvement using intermediate and post improvement ground investigation and in-situ testing were implemented during and acceptance of ground improvement works. Quality control and assurance tests of material delivered and used for ground improvement were carried out throughout the implementation process. This paper presents how research oriented ground improvement projects were implemented in the past decade in Singapore.

Laboratory evaluation of biosolids stabilized with demolition wastes as an embankment fill material A. Arulrajah; F. Maghool; S. Horpibulsuk; M. W. Bo; L. Shen
Lowland Technology International Vol 20 No 2, Sep (2018)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Biosolids (Bio) are air-dried sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants.Stockpiles of Bioare rapidly increasing around the globe. The primary aim of this paper was to evaluate the potential for Bio stabilized with demolition wastes as an embankment fill material. This laboratory evaluation study was undertaken to evaluate the geotechnicalproperties of Biowhen stabilized with various percentages of demolition wastes, being Crushed Brick (CB) and Crushed Concrete (CC). The standard compaction results indicated that the dry density of Bio increased with the addition of both demolition wastes. The optimum moisture content of Bio was found to consistently decrease with increasing amounts of demolition wastes. The gradation, pH value and specific gravity of Bio samples improved with the addition of demolition wastes. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value of Bio samples was increased with the addition of CB and CC, with the optimum value found to be achieved with 50% CC content (Bio50/CC50). The positive outcomes of this research project will potentially enable Bio to be used in combination with demolition wastes in embankment fill applications. This sustainable approach will reduce the demand for virgin materials and will potentially divert significant quantities ofthese waste materials fromlandfills and into a high value embankment fill material.

Prioritizing rural roads projects in nort-eastern Tailand by analytical hierarcy process (AHP) P. Cheonklang; I. Phummiphan; S. Horpibulsuk; M. Hoy
Lowland Technology International Vol 20 No 2, Sep (2018)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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This paper presents the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in rural roads prioritiation. The paper exhibits the concept and process of the plan for rural road development and application of multiple criteria decision analysis using AHP for prioritiing rural roads on a rational basis. Rural road network was grouped on strategic issues and strategies of Department of Rural Roads. There are three main factors to be used as an indicator to assess the importance of routes of each type of road: Transport and Traffic engineering, Accessibility and Other. The result of criteria weights was determined by Expert Choice software according to the AHP model. The results of weight factor analysis can be divided into 2 groups: the Transportation and Traffic Engineering dominant road (Logistics, Traffic Reduction and Countrys order Road) and the Accessibility dominant road (Tourism and Rural Area Accessibility Road). This study will be able to prioritie rural roads and allocate limited budget for development in the future. The master plan obtained from AHP application shows that this plan is consistent, and links with the country strategic plan under the Department of Rural Roads year 2017-2026, which is a longterm plan (10 years), and the Strategic Plan Framework Development of Rural Roads year 2017 - 2020, which is a medium-term plan (4 years). The main goal of the Rural Roads Development Plan in the area is to develop a rural road network to connect the Development of National Infrastructure and the Northeast Development Plan perfectly.

MECHANISM CONTROLLING UNDRAINED SHEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCED CEMENTED CLAYS S. Horpibulsuk
Lowland Technology International Vol 7 No 2, Dec (2005)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Understanding of undrained shear behavior of induced cemented clay is of utmost importance for strength and deformation analyses of in-situ deep mixed columns under short-term condition. From the critical analysis of two different clays (Bangkok and Ariake clays) admixed with cement, the difference in undrained shear responses of the induced cemented and uncemented clays are brought out. Since the induced cemented clays are in meta-stable state, the strength and deformation characteristics are controlled by the clay fabric and cementation. At pre-yield state, thecementation is the main contributing factor of the strength while the effect of fabric comes into play when the state ofstress is at post-yield state. The strain softening behavior is realized even at post-yield state, attribute to the break up of the cementation bond. The failure envelope of the induced cemented clay is a single straight line for both pre- and postyield states, which is different from that of uncemented clay. The role of the cement is mainly to increase the cohesion intercept with insignificant change in internal friction angle.

APPLICATION OF BIOMASS FLY ASH AS A POZZOLANIC MATERIAL FOR STABILIZATION OF LOW-SWELLING CLAY R. Rachan; W. Chim-oye; S. Horpibulsuk
Lowland Technology International Vol 11 No 1, June (2009)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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The present paper investigates the possibility of utilizing biomass fly ash to partially replace Type I Portland cement for stabilization of a low-swelling clay. It is found that the fly ash can be used as a pozzolanic material. The 10% replacement ratio is an effective ratio where the input of fly ash is sufficient for secondary reaction. The influential parameter controlling the strength development of blended cement is clay-water/cement ratio, wc/C. The cement content of the blended cement is the summation of the input of cement, Ci and the equivalent cement, Ce. The Ce is determined based on the concept of an efficiency factor (k), which is adopted as a measure of the relative performance of supplementary cementing material compared with Type I Portland cement. The Ce is equivalent to kF where F is fly ash content and k is efficiency factor. From the analysis, the value of k is dependent upon the replacement ratio and curing time, and irrespective of binder content and water content. A phenomenological model for assessing the strength development is introduced and verified. It can possibly be applied as a simple and rational tool for predicting the strength development of other blended cement stabilized low swelling clays.

MODIFIED HYPERBOLIC MODEL FOR CAPTURING UNDRAINED SHEAR BEHAVIOR S. Horpibulsuk; R. Rachan
Lowland Technology International Vol 6 No 2, Dec (2004)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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The hyperbolic and modified hyperbolic models are proposed to predict the stress-strain response of the uncemented, naturally cemented and induced cemented clays under undrained shear so as to suggest the simple analysis and assessment. The hyperbolic responses of stress ratio and shear strain as well as of effective mean principal stress and shear strain are introduced to assess the undrained shear behavior of the uncemented and naturally cemented clay. The modified hyperbolic responses are employed for the induced cemented cays. These models consist of the parameters, which control the constitutive behavior of the uncemented, naturally cemented, and induced cemented clays in undrained situation. These parameters are easily determinable from standard triaxial tests. The predicted and laboratory responses are in good agreement.

Compressive strengths of water treatment sludge-fly ash geopolymer at various compression energies C. Suksiripattanapong; T. Srijumpa; S. Horpibulsuk; P. Sukmak; A. Arulrajah; Y.J. Du
Lowland Technology International Vol 17 No 3, Dec (2015)
Publisher : International Association of Lowland Technology

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Sludge-fly ash geopolymer is a green material, which does not require cement as a cementitious binder. Sludge and fly ash (FA) are both by-products from Bang Khen water treatment plants and Mae Moh power plants, respectively. A liquid alkaline activator, L is a mixture of sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). This article investigates the influence of compression energy (E) on the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of a novel sludge-fly ash geopolymer. The optimal liquid alkaline activator (L) content, sodium silicate solution to sodium hydroxide solution ratio (Na2SiO3/NaOH), heat temperature (T) and heat duration (D), providing the maximum UCS for each E is also investigated. Test results indicate that the optimal L/FA ratio decreases as E increases. The optimal L/FA ratios for E = 592.5, 1346.6 and 2693.3 kJ/m3 are 1.5, 1.4 and 1.3, respectively. The Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 80:20 is considered as optimal for all E tested. The UCS of sludge-FA geopolymer at all E values tested increases with an increase of heat duration until a heat duration of 72 hours, after which the UCS becomes almost constant. The heat temperature accelerates the geopolymerization reaction and therefore enhances the strength. However, overheating results in micro-cracks in the samples due to the loss of moisture. As such, the optimal temperature is controlled by liquid content; the higher L/FA results in the lower optimal heat temperature. Since the optimal L/FA ratio decreases as E increases, the optimal T subsequently decreases with an increase in E; i.e., its values are 75, 85 and 95 oC for E = 2693.3, 1346.6 and 592.5 kJ/m3, respectively. The maximum UCS values of sludge-FA geopolymer at optimal ingredient and heat condition are 20, 18 and 16 MPa for E = 2693.3, 1346.6 and 592.5 kJ/m3, respectively, which meet the strength requirement of bearing masonry units as specified by the Thailand Industrial Standard (TIS).

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