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All Journal Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx Journal) Economit Journal
Muhammad Ridwan
Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Physics Transportation

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COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunity for a True Economic and Regional Integration of Africa Modeste Ndaba Modeawi; Clarisse Falanga Mawi; Urbain Mazo Nyante; Jacquie Kangu Kobe; Ruphin Djolu Djoza; JP Mokombe Magbukudua; Masengo Ashande Colette; Gédéon Ngiala Bongo; Muhammad Ridwan; Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua
Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2021): Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences, April
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birex.v3i2.1884

Abstract

According to official sources, the coronavirus pandemic that emerged in China in December 2019 has already infected more than 17 million and killed more than 666,850 people. Less impacted than the rest of the world, the Africa continent has nearly 890,000 confirmed cases as of July 30, 2020. According to the African Bank of Development, nearly 50 million Africans will be victims of extreme poverty as a result of the coronavirus pandemic; and this, following the global economic crisis due to this pandemic. It is shown that between 2020 and 2021, Africa will lose in terms of economic income ¼ of trillion dollars and that a contraction of 3.4% of GDP would be noticed. The risk of decline is justified by the decline in oil production by the main exporting countries, notably Algeria, Nigeria and Angola; in addition to the decline in commodity prices on the world market, the volatility of global financial conditions and natural disasters. Even if some analysts believe that the effects of this pandemic are temporary on the economy of the states, it is clear to note that they are perceptible on the world economy in general. In Africa, the low rate of infection, which is 5% since the emergence of the pandemic until July 30, 2020, is a favorable opportunity for the continent to recover and accelerate the process of its economic and regional integration.
Intentional Versus Incidental Inclusion: A Comparative Analysis of Enat Bank and Addis International Bank in Advancing Women’s Economic Empowerment through Microfinance in Ethiopia Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance Vol 6 No 3 (2026): Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance: (Aug
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

This review article presents a comparative analysis of two Ethiopian commercial banks—Addis International Bank (AdIB) and Enat Bank, examining their respective approaches to women's economic empowerment through microfinance. Ethiopia presents a striking paradox: women own the majority of micro and small enterprises yet face a 19-percentage-point gap in account access and are 1.5 times less likely to receive formal loans than men. Closing these gender gaps could increase Ethiopia's GDP by an estimated US$3.7 billion annually. Using institutional theory, feminist economics, and the capability approach as analytical frameworks, this review contrasts AdIB's incidental inclusion model, broad-based financial access without gender-specific mechanisms, with Enat Bank's intentional inclusion model, gender-led governance, collateral-free lending, and targeted non-financial services. The analysis reveals that Enat Bank's approach produces superior empowerment outcomes, demonstrated by its "Transformational" rating on the National Bank of Ethiopia's Women's Financial Inclusion Scorecard, 12,000 women trained in financial literacy, 1.4 billion Birr disbursed in collateral-free loans, and a 99.1% repayment rate. AdIB, despite strong financial performance with 85% profit growth, was assessed as "Neutral" or in "Emerging Awareness," indicating foundational engagement with gender inclusion. The review concludes that women's economic empowerment is not an automatic byproduct of financial inclusion but a deliberate institutional design choice. Policy recommendations include gender-lens targets for banks, collateral substitution mechanisms, governance diversification, and expanded gender bonds. This analysis contributes evidence that intentional inclusion is both socially transformative and commercially viable, offering actionable insights for financial institutions, policymakers, and development partners seeking to unlock Ethiopia's US$3.7 billion opportunity through women's economic empowerment.
Co-Authors Belay Sitotaw Goshu Clarisse Falanga Mawi Gédéon Ngiala Bongo Jacquie Kangu Kobe JP Mokombe Magbukudua Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Masengo Ashande Colette Modeste Ndaba Modeawi Ruphin Djolu Djoza Urbain Mazo Nyante