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Akurasi petugas dalam penentuan sisa makanan pasien rawat inap menggunakan metode taksiran visual skala comstock 6 poin Susyani Susyani; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Toto Sudargo
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 2, No 1 (2005): Juli
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijcn.17351

Background: bserving plate waste is categorized as a simple way but yet still needs evaluation. When many foods are wasted, a dietitian should quickly respond and know the best way how to overcome the matters. There are three accurate ways to determine plate waste: plate waste weighing, visual estimation, and 24 hours recall. The application of each method really depends on its purposes. According to previous researches there are significant and positive correlations between the visual estimation of Comstock Scale and plate waste weighing. Visual estimation, moreover, has more advantages as it is easy to apply, cheap, and less time consuming. Considering those advantages, visual estimation needs to be socialized and considered as a new accurate method besides weighing methods.Objective: The objective of this study is to know the medical official accuracy in determining plate waste using visual estimation of 6 point Comstock Scale.Methods: An observational study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. Subjects were nurses and meal servants from hospital wards. Before the meal served to the patient the food is weighed, than the observers officer has to observed portion sized. After the patient having meal, plate waste should be estimated using Comstock Scale by the officer after that the plate waste have to be weight to know the actual weigh. The accuracy difference between two groups in determining plate waste using Comstock Scale were analysed with t-test.Results: There was significant differences of accuracy (p=0.01) between nurse group and meal servant in estimating wasted rice and wasted meat (p=0.02). The difference were not due to the job factor but the significant of various meal (p=0.0001). The work experience is a significant factor in the accuracy of plate waste (p=0.42). There was no correlation between kind of job and kind of meal (p=0.47), and kind of meal with the work experience (p=0.79).Conclusion: Visual estimation of 6 point Comstock scale could be used by both nurses and meal servant in determining plate waste.

Analisis zat gizi dan biaya sisa makanan pada pasien dengan makanan biasa Mihir Djamaluddin; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Ira Paramastri
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 1, No 3 (2005): Maret
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijcn.17379

Background: The quality of food service in a hospital can be assessed from the inpatients’ nutritional status. Food waste is an indicator of food service among inpatients. Besides its therapeutic value, food has a significant economic value. The wasting cost in term of food waste affects the total availability of food costs.Objective: This study analyzes the nutrient quantity and the cost of food waste among inpatients with regular diet at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta.Method: This was a cross sectional study. The subjects were inpatients aged 17 to 60 years old who got regular diet with length of stay was at least three days, and were willing to take part in this study (n=100). The amount of food waste was measured using the Comstock visual estimation. The cost of food waste was calculated as the proportion of food waste from cost per serving. The quantity of nutrients in food waste was calculated using the Food Processor 2 software. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test.Results: There was a difference of food waste according to gender. Rice waste was found more frequent among female (p<0,005). There was a difference of food waste according to ward class. There were more waste of meat and vegetables among inpatients in class II and the difference was significant (p<0,05). There were more waste of meat and vegetables among patients with length stay of 7 – 14 days and > 15 days (p<0,05). The vegetables and rice waste were more frequent among surgery and cancer inpatients (p<0,05). In average the nutritional value of food waste was 19,85% - 9,33% of a patient’s RDA, while the wasting cost per day was Rp 1265,08 or 10,79% of all food cost per day. The annual wasting cost of food waste was Rp 45.543.120 or 4,4% of the available budget of Rp 1.038.605.333,00.Conclusion: There were differences of food waste according to gender, ward class, length of stay, and kind of disease, especially rice, meat, and vegetables.

Pengaruh alat penyajian disposable terhadap sisa makanan pasien di ruang rawat inap RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang Tiurma Heryawanti P; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Toto Sudargo
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 1, No 2 (2004): November
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijcn.17398

Background: Food service success relates to patient plate waste. Patient plate waste in Indonesia Hospitals could be more than 25%. Cause of patient plate waste in Hospital is lack of food and equipment quality. Almost of 32.8% patients in 10 hospitals model in Indonesia clarify that appearance, cleanliness, and equipment are good.Objective: The aim of theses research was to identify the effect of serving utensils and the other factors to the plate waste.Methods: This was a Quasi Experiment study using pre posttest with control. Study subject consisted of 45 patients in the treatment group and 45 patients in the control group. Data were analyzed descriptively and whereas t-test, Fisher Exact test, Chi-Square were performed to differentiate the proportions and means in two groups. The effect of several variables on plate waste was calculated using logistic regression on analysis.Results: This study showed that no significant difference of taste, appearance, attitude of the staff who serve meals, service timeliness, kind of food, kind of diseases and environment to patient plate waste (p>0.05). There was no significant effected of the serving disposable utensils on patient plate waste (p>0.05).Conclusion: The type of serving disposable utensils was no a significant factor effected the plate waste.

Pengaruh pendidikan gizi kepada ibu terhadap konsumsi makanan dan status gizi anak balita penderita tuberkulosis primer di rawat jalan RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang Tatik Mulyati; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Toto Sudargo
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 1, No 2 (2004): November
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that persists as a public health problem in Indonesia. The tuberculosis infected to the under 5-years old-children namely primary tuberculosis, could decrease the children’s immunity eventually causes death, which were 100.000 death rate 75% are children’s. Conditions of children’s health were deeply depending on the quality and quantity of their food consumption. An adequate consumption is needed to increase their nutrition status. To improve the maternal behavior of children’s food consumption, it is necessary to give nutritional education.Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of nutritional education on the food consumption and nutrition status of the under 5-years old-children that infected by primary tuberculosis.Methods: The research was an experimental research using randomized controlled trial method. The subject was 1 to 5- year(s) old-children those who infected by primary tuberculosis at Unit Rawat Jalan RSUP Dokter Kariadi Semarang. Two groups chosen by randomized got different treatments, i.e. availability and unavailability of nutritional education. Each group was asked to come to Poliklinik Paru Anak every two-week for two months (4 times). The food consumption data was collected by multiple recalls before treatment and after research. The nutrition status was determined by weight per age and weight per height of Z- Score WHO NCHS.Results: The result of this study showed that after the nutritional education issued, the energy consumption average of children has increase 18.18% from necessity and the protein consumption average of children has increase 21.39% from necessity. There was a significant effect of nutritional education on increasing protein consumption of under 5-years old-children that was infected by primary tuberculosis (p<0.05). It was also showed that the Z-Score increasing (weight per age and weight per height) of children in treatment-group was higher than the control-group.Conclusion: Nutritional education has a significant effect on increasing protein consumption of under 5-years old-children that was infected by primary tuberculosis (p<0.05), or there is increasing of protein consumption about 21.39%.

Pola makanan pendamping air susu ibu dan status gizi bayi 0-12 bulan di Kecamatan Lhoknga Kabupaten Aceh Besar Aripin Ahmad; Dradjat Boediman; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 3, No 1 (2006): Juli
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijcn.17419

Background: The prevalence of malnutrition in Indonesia is still high. One of potential factor contributing to the high prevalence of malnutrition is improper complementary feeding pattern and breast feeding practices. In the community there are three complementary feeding patterns; those are traditional feeding, industries feeding and combination.Objective: This study was conducted to analyze the association between complementary feeding, energy and protein intake, and breast feeding status with nutritional status of infants 0-12 month old.Method: This study used a cross sectional design. Subjects were 151 infants 0-12 month old. Complementary feeding pattern and breast feeding status were collected using interview methods. Energy and protein intakes were collected using food recall methods. Nutritional status was measured using weight for length (WHZ). The chi square test was used to analyze the data.Result: There wasn’t any association between complementary feeding pattern and nutritional status of infants 0-6 m.o. old (p=0.04) and 6-12 month (p=0.62). There wasn’t any association between energy intake and nutritional status of infants 0-6 month old (p=0.40), but there was any association in infants 6-12 month old (p=0.01). Protein intake associated with nutritional status of infants 0-6 m.o. old and 6-12 month old (p=0.033 and p=0.04). Breast feeding status didn’t associated with nutritional status of infants 0-6 month old and 6-12 month old (p=0.689 and p=0.10).Conclusion: Complementary pattern and breast feeding status were not associated with nutritional status. Energy intake was associated with nutritional status of infants 6-12 month old. Protein intake associated with nutritional status of infants 0-6 month old and 6-12 month old.

Hubungan berat badan lahir, pemberian ASI eksklusif, status gizi dan stimulasi kognitif dengan kecerdasan anak usia 5–6 Tahun Rini Andarwati; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Indira Laksmi Gamayanti
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 2, No 3 (2006): Maret
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Background: Intellegence is affected by 2 factors, internal (genetics) and external (nutrition intake, infection, toxin, stimu- lation, environmental) factors. Sufficient nutrition is very important during pregnancy. Birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding affect brain growth and development. Malnutrition during infancy results in stunting and impaired cognitive function in children. Lack of stimulation may affect intelligence.Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the relationship among birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, nutrition status and cognitive stimulation and intelligence.Method: An analytic observational study was conducted with cross sectional design, at kindergarten in Prambanan Subdistrict. Subjects were recruited based on a cluster random sampling technique. There were 50 children and mothers met the inclusion criteria of mothers who knew the child’s background (birth weight, breastfeeding practices) and were willing to be included in this study. Intelligence was assessed using Stanford Binet test. Data were analyzed with chi square and logistic regression tests.Results: The study showed that 76% of children had normal intelligence and 24% of children had abnormal intelligence. Based on multivariable analysis, low cognitive stimulation was a risk factor of getting low IQ score (OR=15.6; CI 95%=1.725– 141.272), whereas birth weight (OR=1.1; CI 95%=0.126– 9.751), exclusive breastfeeding (OR=4.9; CI 95%=0.494– 49.054) and nutrition status did not relate to intelligence.Conclusion: There was significant relationship between cognitive stimulation and intelligence, whereas birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding and nutrition status did not significantly relate with intelligence.

Pengaruh pijat bayi terhadap kenaikan berat badan bayi umur 4 bulan Mohammad Shoim; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Madarina Julia
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 3, No 2 (2006): November
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijcn.17489

Background: Optimum growth and development reflect the interaction among genetics, environments, attitude factors, and positive stimulations. The positive effect of massage on infant growth has long been recognized, but research on this phenomenon has not much been performed. The growth faltering in children begins at 1-6 months of age in Indonesia.Objective: To identify the effect of massage toward weight gain in infants of 4 months old.Method: The study was quasi-experimental with 2 groups of posttest design. The subjects were infants of 4 months old that were born in two hospitals. Those who were born in one hospital were selected as the control group and the rest were selected as the treatment group. The massage was performed twice a week for four weeks. The data of weight, food intake, illness were collected once a week, whereas the data of mothers’ knowledge and attitude toward breast milk were gathered once during the research period.Results: There was a significant effect of massage on weight gain. The median weight gain of the control group and treatment group were 0.40 kg (Q1=0.35; Q3=0.40) and 0.60 kg (Q1=0.50; Q3=0.70) respectively. The massage also affected the waz (weight for age Z-scores) where the median difference of waz at the beginning and the end of the study of the control group was –0.27 (Q1=-0.34; Q3=-0.23), whereas in the treatment group was -0.03 (Q1=-0.13; Q3=0.09). It meant that control group faced the growth faltering of –0.27 SD waz in a month and treatment group did it for –0.03 SD waz in a month.Conclusion: Infants who got massage treatment had higher weight gain than those who did not.

Usia penyapihan dan hubungannya dengan intelegensi pada siswa TK Hesti Purwandari; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Sri Hartati
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 5, No 1 (2008): Juli
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijcn.17512

Background: Nutrition is the important aspect in improving quality of human being resources. Malnutrition is still a problem in Indonesia. This problem is caused by some factors, those are direct and indirect factors. Direct factors consist of dietary intake and infection disease. Dietary intake is a combination of breast milk and complementary foods. Indirect factors consist of food supply at home, treatment of pregnant mother and children, and health service. Early weaning will generate malnutrition at young age if it is not complemented with sufficient feeding. Malnutrition at young age can affect brain function permanently, because the development of brain will be optimum before two years old. This condition can influence the development of chidren’s intelligence.Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the relationship between weaning age and intelligence.Method: This was a cross sectional study, at kindergarten in Mlati Sub-district. Subjects were recruited based on a simple random sampling technique. There were 194 children and mothers who met the inclusion criteria and the exclusion criteria. Those were who had chronic disease and never got breastfeeding. Instruments in this study were questionnaire, microtoise, and Standford-Binet test. Data were analysed with chi square test.Results: The study showed that 52.6% of children had the age of weaning <2 years and 47.4% had weaning at >2 years. Out of 194 children, 79.9% were normal and 20.1% of them were stunted. There were 97.7% of children who had good intelligence, whereas 2.1% of them had low intelligence. There was no significant relationship between nutritional status and intelligence (p=0.181), but there was significant relationship between cognitive stimulation and intelligence (p=0.037). There was no significant relationship between weaning age and nutritional status (p=0.209), and neither was relationship between weaning age and intelligence (p=1.000).Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between nutritional status and intelligence.

Pola makan, penyakit infeksi, dan status gizi anak balita pengungsi di Kabupaten Pidie Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Irwansyah Putra; Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono; Madarina Julia
Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia Vol 3, No 3 (2007): Maret
Publisher : Minat S2 Gizi dan Kesehatan, Prodi S2 IKM, FK-KMK UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijcn.17562

Background: The declaration of Martial Law in Aceh Province have been held, they evacuate themselves to save from the risks when bombardment happen. In refugee camp, there were problems, like improperly place to live, lack of food, and lack of water. This condition will make the nutritional and health status become worse. It can be signed by the increasing of under nutrition prevalence.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the food consumption pattern, breastfeeding pattern, nutritional intake, infection diseases, and nutritional status of infant under five years old in refugee camp.Method: This was an observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in Keunire refugee camp, Pidie District, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province. Subjects of this study were infants under five years old. Data were collected by interview using open questionnaire, while nutritional intake data were collected by recall method and analyzed using computer. The assesment of nutritional intake was using anthropometry method. Data were analyzed using chi square test and t-test.Results: General and specific feeding pattern were given by the team of disaster and refugee tackling of Pidie District for Keunire refugee camp. Specific feeding pattern was given to the infant of under five years old as a food supplement. That food supplement should fulfill 15.4-30.5% energy and 28.5% - 69.1% protein requirements. Breastfeeding pattern changed into more regular when they were ini refugee camp, because their children were thirsty and crying. Mean of energy and protein intake of refugee infant of under five years old were higher than that of non refugee. The under nutrition prevalences of refugee infant of under five years old were 21.7% (WHZ), 32.5% (WAZ), while that prevalences of non refugee infant were 23.8% (WHZ) and 39.7% (WAZ). Statistically, there were no differences in under nutrition prevalences between both of them. Nutritional status had association with energy intake, protein intake, and infection diseas in refugee camp.Conclusions: There was changing in breastfeeding pattern in refugee camp. There were also differences in mean of energy and protein intake between refugee and non refugee infant of under five years old, but there was no difference in nutritional status.

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