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POKOK-POKOK DALAM ANALISA MIKROBIOLOGI PANGAN*) Sebuah Tinjauan Milono Poesponegoro
Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia Vol 7, No 1-2 (1997)
Publisher : Research Center for Chemistry - LIPI

Microorganisms in foods not only can deteriorate the quality and shelf life of foods, but also capable of producing food poisoning. Therefore, microbiological analysis of foods is essentia, particularly to establish safety, to secure adequate microbiological quality and for standardization of food products.The existence of microbial pollution in foods needs standard microbiological analysis of foods to obtain accurate results of analysis. This is due to the fact that beside the complex nature of foods, the number of factors affecting the results of analysis are innumerable such as food age, sampling methods and treatment of the samples, and the methods of analysis used. In framing me/hods for the microbiological analysis of foods consideration must be given not only to the phycical and chemical properties of the food, but also to the form of processing they have recieved, the types of pathogens or spoilage organisms likely to be of most importance and the number likely to be present. This paper presents a review on the fundamentals of microbiological analysis of foods to clarify the various microbiological aspects, background and the principles outlay the works of microbiological analysis offoods and their problems.This paper presents a review on the fundamentals of microbiological analysis of foods to clarify the various microbiological aspects, background and the principles outlay the works of microbiological analysis of foods and their problems.

BIOFLOKULASI MIKROORGANISME DAN PERANANNYA DALAM PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH SECARA BIOLOGI Milono Poesponegoro
Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia Vol 8, No 1-2 (1998)
Publisher : Research Center for Chemistry - LIPI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14203/jkti.v8i1-2.210

Bioflocculation is a direct result of the ability of the microorganims to agglomerate into large flocs with a high settling velocity, and is an important phenomenon often encountered in the biological treatment of wastewater. Bioflocculation is also very important in determining the dewatering characteristics of a sludge.The key 10 the successful operation of biological-oxidation units is the maintenance of adequate nutrients, microorganisms, and a favourable environment for the organisms to grow and utilize the organic matter. Although algae, bacteria, fungi and protozoa are introduced into the activated sludge, bacteria usually dominant as the primary feeders on the organic waste. The dominant bacteria of the sludge must satisfy two conditions: they must be able to utilize the organic waste and also be capable of readily forming flocs to facilitate separation from eflluent and thereby ensure their retention in the system. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the proper environment is produced and effectively controlled to pave the dominant growth of flocforming bacteria in the system so that the settling characteristics of the sludge obtained are good.Flocculation of discrete microbial cells can either be biologically (bioflocoulation) or chemically induced (chemical flocculation). There seems to be general agreement that bioflocculation of microorganisms was observed to follow mechanism similar to those observed in the chemical flocculation of microorganisms. A review on the bioflocculation of microorganisms in relationship to aerobic wastewater treatment proces and to cultural and microbial growth conditions is presented. The bioflocculation mechanism is also discussed and summarized.

FERMENTASI ASAM SITRAT DARI TETES TEBU, SECARA BIAK-RENDAM DENGAN Aspergillus niger Milono Poesponegoro; Oei Ban Liang
Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia Vol 1, No 2 (1991)
Publisher : Research Center for Chemistry - LIPI

A study to determine the optimum condition of !ubmerged. citric acid fermentatlon of calle molasses with Aspergillus niger has been conducted. Effects of the strains of Aspergillus niger, initial concentration of total reducing sugars and initial pH of the medium 011 citric accumulation were investigated. One-stage submerged culture fermentation process was curried out in a 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask which contained 50 ml liquid medium at 30°C, in an orbital shaker incubator operated at 200 rpm. While a two-stage sub-merged [ermen tation process was performed at30Ve in a stirred fermentor containing 2.5 liters of liquid medium at a constant pH, with 1 Will aera, tion and agitation at a speed of 700 rpm. The [ermeutation process was followed by monitoring the changes ill pH values, concentrations of total reducing sugars, dry weight of cellular biomass, and citric acid concentration in the culture medium, during 7 days of [ermentation time. It was obtained that strain of the 1II0uld, concentration of total reducing sugars as well as pH of the medium affected the submerged citric acid fermentation process with Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414 was found to be the best strain aI/lOng the eight strains tested. High initial concentrations of total reducing sugars (15 - 20%) and low initial pH of the medium (less than 3.0) were the optimum conditions for citric acid accumulation by Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414.

EFFECTS OF TRACE METALS AND MEDIUM COMPOSITION ON THE GROWTH OF Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414, IN A SUBMERGED CULTURE Milono Poesponegoro; Oei Ban Liang
Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia Vol 3, No 2 (1993)
Publisher : Research Center for Chemistry - LIPI

In an attempt to optimize citric acid fermentation, a study has been conducted to determine optimum nutritional conditions for the growth of Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414. The objective of the study was to obtain information on the growth of this strain in a submerged culture for the study of citric acid production The following article summarizes the results of study on the effects of trace metals and composition of chemically defined medium on mycelial growth of A.niger ATCC 11414. Chemically defined media containing glucose as the carbon source and energy were used throughout the work. Growth experiments were carried. Out by a submerged culture process, in a 300-ml Erlenmeyer flask which contained 50ml liquid medium. The process was conducted at 30°C for 4 days in an orbital shaker incubator operated at 200 rpm. The cultivation process was followed by monitoring the changes in the culture medium of the concentrations of biomass, total reducing sugars, citric acid, and pH of the medium. It was concluded that copper (II), iron (II), zinc (II), and manganese (II) ions had a remarkable effect on the growth of A. niger ATCC 11414. With 5% glucose, the study showed that 5 - 15 ppm copper, 0.5 - 25 ppm iron and 0.5 - 25 ppb manganese ions were optimal for the growth of the strain. The growth of the strain increased with the increase of Zn2+ added (0.5 - 25 ppm). The most optimal medium for the growth of A.niger ATCC 11414 was found to be able to produce more than 16 g of dry weight of biomass for 50 g glucose.

PENGARUH LIMITASI NUTRIEN PADA FERMENTASI ASAM SITRAT BIAK-RENDAM,SECARA 2-TAHAP DENGAN Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414 Milono Poesponegoro; Oei Ban Liang
Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia Vol 1, No 2 (1991)
Publisher : Research Center for Chemistry - LIPI

The aim of the study was to determine the type and level of nutrient limitation for stimulation of citric accumulation by Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414. The study focused all the effects of substrate concentration, nutrient limitation and the concentration of pre-cultred mycelium on citric acid accumulation. Citric acid fermentailon was carried out by a 2-stage process, where the growth stage and citric acid production stage were done separately, either using shake-flask culture or stirred fermentcr method. The fermentation process was followed by monitoring the changes in the pH value and in the concentrations of total reducing sugars, cellular biomass, and citric acid in the culture medium. Results of the study showed that nutrient limitation inhibited the growth of mould and could be all important factor for stimulation of citric acid accumulation by Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414. Phosphorous limitation was found to be the most effective than the limitation of other nutrients tested, for stimulation of citric acid accumulation. The results also revealed that there was a relationship between phosphorous limitation, mycelium concentration and the efficiency of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414.

KARAKTERISASI DAN UJI-PENGOLAHAN (TREATABILITY TEST) AIR LIMBAH TEKSTIL INTI SARI SECARA BIOLOGI Milono Poesponegoro
Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia Vol 7, No 1-2 (1997)
Publisher : Research Center for Chemistry - LIPI

Characterization and treatability test of textile wastewater using biological process were studied. Samples of the wastewater were obtainedfrom a local blue-jeans textile industry in Bandung. Results of chemical analysis indicated that beside the textile wastewater showed a high pH value, it contained chemical pollutant in high concentrations. It was found that the textile wastewater of blue jeans has a pH value of 12.6, deep blue coloured with optical density of 0.80 - 0.88; high in solid concentrations with the concentration of soluble solids, suspended solids and ash content of respectively 4526 - 4897 mg/l, 2205 - 2412mg/l, and 2704 - 3074 mg/l; COD of 376 - 1538 mg/l and BOD5 of 143 - 575 mg/l. The ratio of BOD5/COD was about 0.32 - 0.45 with an average value of 0.38.The concentration of organic materials varied widely from sample to .sample, with a value of the BOD5/COD ratio of less than 50%. Tretability test of textile wastewater using shake-flask technique showed that the textile wastewater could be treated successfully by aerobic biological process when a proper balance of nutrients and suitable organisms were available. Chemical flocculation pre-trentment was found to lower the rate of biological degradation of organic materials contained in the textile wastewater. It was found that after 3 days of incubation, the mean rate of organic degradation reached 174 mg/l/day for the textile wastewater which received no flocculation pretreatment with alum, and only 10 mg/l/day for that which received flocculation pre-treatment with alum. The addition of nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorous) to the textile wastewater without flocculation pre-treatment increased the mean rate of organic degradation from 174 mg/l/day to 240 mg/l/day after 3 days of incubation. It was also found the nutrient addition and bacterial inoculum to the textile wastewater without flocculation pre-treatment increased the mean rate of organic degradation from 174 mg/l/day to 247 mg/l/day, after 3 days of incubation.Treatability test of textile wastewater by a contlnouous culture technique using perforated-plate column showed that the COD of effluent was constantly dropped and achieved a stationary condition after 50 hours of the continous process, and at the stationary phase the continuous process produced effluent with COD values of less than 100 mg/l. Continuous process with a hydraulic retention time (0) of 2.0 day produced effluent with a COD value of 77 mgll. Reducing the hydraulic retention time did not much affect the COD value of the effluent, i.e 72 mgfl for 0 = 1.0 day, and 56 mgll for 0 = 0.5 day. This could probably due to the achievement of the maximum efficiency of treatment, t.e. about 71% for the hydraulic retention time of 0.5 - 2.0 day.

ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF FLOC-PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS Milono Poesponegoro; Roy Heru Trisnamurti
Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia Vol 8, No 1-2 (1998)
Publisher : Research Center for Chemistry - LIPI

All of the aerobic biological wastewater treatmenr systems depend upon the flocculation of the microorganisms and their separation from the liquid phase for complete stabilization. Therefore, aside from the metabolic characteristics of the microorganisms, the most important characteristic is their ability to flocculate.A study on the sludge .flocculation, isolation and screening of floc-producing microorganisms for biological wastewater treatment processes has been carried out. Microrganisms were olated from activated sludges obtained from local food industries. It was found that biofl occul ation of sludge was affected by the type and concentration of carbonaceous substrate. The substrates used were glucose, acetate and starch, at four levels of concentration, i.e. 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 25.0g/l. The activated sludge (Sludge-I) found better in bioflocculation than ther two sludge tested (Sludge-C and Sludge-K) was used for this purpose. The results showed that the Sludge-I gave better bioflocculation either on glucose or starch at a concentration of 1.0g/l than on acetate and other concentrations tested.The isolates (27 strains) obtainedfrom the activated sludge were then screened for their ability to flocculate and their acitivity in organic degradation. It showed that some of them produced good biofloc and gave high percentage of COD removal (more than 80%). The screening was carried out using shake-flask culture technique at 30°C for 10 days. Out of 27 strains tested, Strain-Ivb and Strain-Ivk were found suitable as inoculum candidates for the biological wastewater treatment since they produced granular floc which flocculated readily and gave high percentage of COD removal, around 85%, after 10 days of incubation. Tentatively both lsolate-Ivb and Isolate-Ivk have been identified as Candida sp.It was revealed that Strain-lvb and Str ain-Ivk gave better bioflocculation and percentage of COD removal, compared to 3 lands commercial inoculum tested. The commercial inocula produced pin-point floc with percentage of COD removal of 86 - 92%, while Strain-Ivb and Strain-Ivk produced granular floc with percentage of COD removal of 94% and 93% respectively. The results of study shows that continuous biological treatment of artificial wastewater containing starch (400 mg/l) using strainlvb gave percentage of COD removal of 77 - 96% (average value = 87%) at hydraulic retention time of 13 - 25 hrS (average value= 18 hrs); while strain-lvk gave percentage of COD removal of 84 - 95% (average value= 92%) at hydraulic retention time of 8 - 16 hrs (average value= 12 hrs). Both strains formed biofloc which settled readily.

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