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Ika Kusuma Wardani
Brawijaya University Malang, Indonesia
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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EFFECT OF ANEMIA ON HEMOGLOBIN A1C LEVELS IN DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 Ika Kusuma Wardani
Journal of Holistic and Traditional Medicine Vol. 2 No. 01 (2017): Journal of Holistic and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Perhimpunan Kesehatan Holistik Indonesia

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder due to the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or can not use the insulinthat is produced effectively. It can be anticipated with good blood sugar control, by HbA1c. HbA1C is a measure of blood glucoselevels that are bound to hemoglobin in a strong and outstanding along with erythrocytes during the lifetime of the erythrocytes.The aim of this review study determines the relationship between anemia on HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetesmellitus. This research method uses reviewed journals - journals were electronically obtained from ebscohost,medline,cochranedata base, cinahl and google scholar with keywords anamia, HbA1c, diabetes melitus type 2. From various studies that have beenpublished from 2000 – 2016. Of articles were found, 8 articles were analyzed. Based on the results of a review journals show thatpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with anemia that normal HbA1c levels. Based on a review that the test results obtainedstatistically significant correlation between the levels of hemoglobin A1C, where it is known that the HbA1c is a glycosylatedhemoglobin in erythrocytes. When hemoglobin is mixed with a solution with high glucose levels, the beta chain of hemoglobinmolecules will bind the cluster of glucose irreversibly, the process is called glycosylation. Glycosylation occurs spontaneously incirculation and this glycosylation level increased when high glucose levels in the blood. The level of HbA1c in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus with normal hemoglobin levels tend to be higher than that in patients with type 2 diabetes with hemoglobinlevels below normal (anemia).
DNA METHYLATION AND THE EFFECT ON BREARST CANCER Ika Kusuma Wardani
Journal of Holistic and Traditional Medicine Vol. 2 No. 02 (2017): Journal of Holistic and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Perhimpunan Kesehatan Holistik Indonesia

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Abstract

Nationally, there is a significant increase in the number of breast cancer cases. Breast cancer is a cancer that occurs in breast tissue and is one of the major cancers, mostly attacking the women and also the men, but the probability is very small. There are some epigenetic processes is DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromosome rearrangements and the role of Micro RNA. DNA methylation is most common and is one of the epigenetic control mechanism against hereditary gene expression but does not change the structure of the composition of the DNA bases and are specific to a particular network.This research litertur review aimed to determine the effect of DNA methylation on the characteristics of breast cancer. This research method uses reviewed journals were electronically obtained from ebscohost, medline with full text,cochrane data base,cinahl and google scholar with keywords DNA Methylation,breast cancer,gen mutation. From various studies that have been published from 2000 – 2016. Of articles were found, 7 articles were analyzed. The results of the literature review found that the most common gene mutation or mutations in common are BRCA1 and BRCA2. It said women with mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 80% risk of developing breast cancer. Other gene mutations in particular genes such as MMP group MMP-9 contributes very important for the risk of breast cancer and a high risk of metastasis to lymph node tissue. Approximately 20-30% of women suffering from breast cancer due to their family history of breast cancer and approximately 5-10% are the result of a gene mutation
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