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All Journal Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry
Nasmi Herlina Sari
University of Mataram, Indonesia
Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Transportation

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The Role of Composites for Sustainable Society and Industry Ragil Widyorini; Nasmi Herlina Sari; Muji Setiyo; Gunawan Refiadi
Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry Vol 1 No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (450.656 KB) | DOI: 10.31603/mesi.6188

Abstract

In the last few decades, the global community's demands are getting stronger for more environmentally friendly materials. Natural fiber reinforced composites have been applied as reinforcement in concrete, sound absorbers, buildings, aeronautical, aerospace, sanitation, electronics, bridge decks, interior, automotive, sports equipment and furniture industries, modular structures, and others. Natural fibers are receiving high attention due to their sustainability, environmental friendliness, low density, low cost, low abrasiveness, renewability, and biodegradability, as well as contributing to the consumption of CO2 gas. As reported by many researchers, Indonesia has several natural resources for natural fibers such as bark fiber, leaf fiber, seed/fruit fiber, grass fiber, stalk fiber, and wood fiber.
Characterization of alkali-activated chrysopogon zizanioides natural fibers as reinforcement for energy-efficient biocomposite applications Nasmi Herlina Sari; Sujita Sujita; Edi Syafri; Suteja Suteja
Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry Vol 5 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/mesi.14133

Abstract

This study examines the characteristics of alkali-activated Chrysopogon zizanioides natural fibers (CZFs) to determine their applicability as reinforcements in energy-efficient biocomposite applications. Unlike earlier research, which has mostly focused on conventional natural fibers, this paper proposes CZFs as a fresh, sustainable reinforcing possibility. The study investigates the impact of different levels of NaOH (1%, 3%, and 5%) on fiber structure and functionality, offering new insights into optimizing alkali activation for improved interfacial bonding and strength in biocomposites. The results show that alkaline treatment significantly influenced the structural and functional properties of the fibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed an increase in crystallinity index from 36.17% in untreated fibers to 65.74% in those treated with 5% NaOH, indicating significant removal of amorphous components. FTIR spectra confirmed the reduction of non-cellulosic functional groups, while TGA/DTA analysis demonstrated improved thermal resistance, with a maximum char residue of 4.46% at 600 °C. Mechanical tests showed tensile strength increased from 252 ± 25 MPa to 553 ± 26 MPa and elongation from 4.1% to 5.8%, while SEM analysis revealed cleaner, rougher surfaces that promote fiber–matrix bonding. Additionally, fiber density rose from from 410 ± 20 to 980 ± 20 Kg/m³, and moisture content declined from 8.9% to 5.3%, reflecting improved dimensional stability. Among all treatments, the 5% NaOH-treated fibers offered the most optimal combination of structural, thermal, and interfacial performance. These results indicate that alkali-modified CZFs are promising candidates for use in energy-efficient biocomposites, particularly for lightweight structural components, automotive panels, and sustainable packaging requiring thermal durability and high stiffness.
Effect of calcination temperature on the thermo-structural behavior and morphology of natural clay for eco-friendly composite applications Edi Syafri; Salman Salman; Jamaluddin Jamaluddin; Nasmi Herlina Sari; Suteja Suteja
Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry Vol 5 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/mesi.14144

Abstract

Natural clay is a low-cost and abundant material with potential as a sustainable filler in composite applications. Although natural clay has been widely explored as a sustainable filler material, systematic studies correlating calcination temperature with simultaneous thermal, structural, and morphological evolution remain limited. This study aims to evaluate how different calcination temperatures affect the thermal, structural, morphological, and physical properties of natural clay to determine its suitability for eco-friendly composite use. Clay powders were thermally treated at 600 °C (CCB), 700 °C (CCG), and 800 °C (CCM), and comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and physical testing. The results indicate that increasing calcination temperature significantly enhances crystallinity, and thermal stability, with the CCM sample (800 °C) exhibiting the most pronounced improvements. The CCM sample, calcined at 800 °C, exhibited the highest crystallinity index (72%), the lowest water absorption, the most compact microstructure, and the highest bulk density (6100 ± 40 kg/m³). TGA revealed improved thermal resistance up to 600 °C, with increasing char residue values from 38.2% (raw) to 48.2% (CCM), indicating enhanced thermal stability. FTIR analysis confirmed the reduction of hydroxyl and carbonate groups, particularly in the CCM sample. SEM observations showed a transformation from porous, irregular morphologies in raw clay to dense and homogeneous particles after calcination. These findings confirm that high-temperature calcined clay, especially the CCM sample, presents excellent potential as a sustainable filler material for high-performance green composites.
Co-Authors Edi Syafri Gunawan Refiadi Jamaluddin Jamaluddin Muji Setiyo Ragil Widyorini Salman Salman Sujita Sujita Suteja Suteja