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Video steganography using 3D distance calculator based on YCbCr color components Esraa Jaffar Baker; Adil Abbas Majeed; Sundos Abdulameer Alazawi; Shahreen Kasim; Rohayanti Hassan; Noor Hidayah Zakaria; Tole Sutikno
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 24, No 2: November 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp831-842

Abstract

Steganography techniques have taken a major role in the development in the field of transferring multimedia contents and communications. Therefore, field of steganography become interested as the need for security increased significantly. Steganography is a technique to hide information within cover media so that this media does not change significantly. Steganography process in a video is to hide the information from the intruder and prevent him access to that hidden information. This paper presents the algorithm of steganography in the video frames. The proposed algorithm selected the best frames to hide the message in video using 3D distance equation to increasing difficulty onto the intruder to detect and guess the location of the message in the video frames. As well as selected the best frames in this algorithm increased the difficulty and give us the best stego-video quality using structural similarity (SSIM). Also, the hash function was used to generate random positions to hide the message in the lines of video frames. The proposed algorithm evaluated with mean squared error (MSE), peak signalto-noise ratio (PSNR) and SSIM measurement. The results were acceptable and shows that is the difficulty of distinguishing the hidden message in stego-video with the human eye.
Swarm Intelligence Algorithms for Resource Allocation in Renewable-Powered Smart City Infrastructures Mustafa Nazar; Adil Abbas Majeed; Rafah Hassan Abdul Radhi; Qusay Mohammed Jafar; Baker Mohammed Khalil; Siti Sarah Maidin
International Journal of Engineering, Science and Information Technology Vol 5, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Malikussaleh University, Aceh, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52088/ijesty.v5i1.1355

Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources into urban systems necessitates the development of intelligent resource management strategies to ensure optimal and reliable power distribution. Swarm Intelligence (SI) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution for addressing the complex energy management challenges inherent in smart cities, such as generation variability, distributed loads, and the need for real-time decision-making. This paper conducts a rigorous comparative analysis of three prominent SI algorithms—Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)—within a simulated, renewable-powered smart city environment. Our model incorporates edge computing nodes, solar and wind generation systems, and heterogeneous urban load profiles, including residential, municipal, and electric vehicle charging demands. The study evaluates each algorithm against key performance metrics, including energy efficiency, task latency, convergence behavior, load balancing, and system fault tolerance. The results unequivocally demonstrate that PSO outperforms both ACO and ABC across most performance dimensions, exhibiting faster convergence, superior energy utilization, more effective latency management, and enhanced fault recovery capabilities. While ABC demonstrates competitive performance in flexibility and fairness, ACO shows significant limitations in time-sensitive and failure-prone scenarios. This research contributes a modular simulation framework suitable for real-time edge computing applications and offers practical guidance for deploying adaptive optimization strategies in urban energy systems. Ultimately, our findings underscore the critical importance of algorithm selection in smart city energy infrastructure and highlight the potential of swarm-based intelligence to enable scalable, resilient, and efficient resource management in the sustainable cities of the future.