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Borehole Microseismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing: A Pilot Study on a Coal Bed Methane Reservoir in Indonesia Ry, Rexha Verdhora; Septyana, Tepy; Widiyantoro, Sri; Nugraha, Andri Dian; Ardjuna, Arii
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol 51, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : ITB Journal Publisher, LPPM ITB

Over the last decade, microseismic monitoring has emerged as a considerable and capable technology for imaging stimulated hydraulic fractures in the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources. In this study, pilot hydraulic-fracturing treatments were operated at a coal-bed methane (CBM) field in Indonesia to stimulate the flow and increase the reservoir’s permeability while the monitoring system was set in a single near-vertical borehole. Locating event sources accurately is fundamental to investigating the induced fractures, but the geometry of a single downhole array is a challenging data processing task, especially to remove ambiguity of the source locations. The locating procedure was reviewed in 3 main steps: (i) accurate picking of P- and S-wave phases; (ii) inclusion of P-wave particle motion to estimate the back azimuth; (iii) guided inversion for hypocenter determination. Furthermore, the seismic-source moment magnitudes were calculated by employing Brune’s model. Reliable solutions of locations were obtained as shown statistically by uncertainty ellipsoids and a small misfit. Based on our results, both induced and triggered seismicity could be observed during the treatments and therefore conducting intensive monitoring is important. The triggered seismicity is an undesired activity so disaster precautions need to be taken, in particular for preventing reactivation of pre-existing faults.

Determination of Hypocentre and Seismic Velocity Structure in Guntur Volcano Using Seismic Data from 2010 to 2014 Basuki, Ahmad; Nugraha, Andri Dian; Hidayati, Sri; Triastuty, Hetty
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol 6, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Geological Agency

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.6.3.279-289Guntur Volcano was in a dormant state even though its seismicity had increased on April, 2013 and August, 2013. In this study, determination of hypocentre and seismic velocity structure was conducted using seismic data from 2010 to 2014 as recorded by a seismic station of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation of Indonesia (CVGHM). Volcano-Tectonic (VT) earthquakes were identified and carefully picked for P-and S-wave arrival times. More than 600 events of VT earthquakes from 2010 - 2014 were located using maximum likelihood estimation algorithm. The initial 1-D seismic velocity was calculated using Velest method in order to get the initial velocity as the input for the tomographic inversion. The results show distribution of VT hypocentres were clustered in three regions, namely Guntur Volcano, Kamojang geothermal area, and Darajat geothermal area. At the Guntur Volcano region, the VT events were located mostly at the northern part of the crater with the depth of hypocentre ranges from 0 - 4 km. The distribution of the VT events made alignment from the southwest to the northeast with the depth of hypocentre mostly ranges from 0 - 2 km at Kamojang region. Meanwhile, at Darajat geothermal area, the VT events were located at the depth of 0 - 2 km and made alignment from the southeast to the northwest. The low velocity zone associated with hot material or fluids was located at the depth of 5 km beneath the Guntur Crater. The location of VT earthquakes at the depth of 0 - 4 km beneath Guntur Crater was coincided with the area with high Vp and Vs anomalies. The low velocity zones were also found at Kamojang Crater and Cipanas hotspring area. It was predicted that the low velocity zone at the Kamojang Crater was related to a high temperature of the vapour system, whereas the reservoir of water was preferred to be dominated at the Cipanas hotspring.

Determination of Hypocentre and Seismic Velocity Structure in Guntur Volcano Using Seismic Data from 2010 to 2014 Basuki, Ahmad; Nugraha, Andri Dian; Hidayati, Sri; Triastuty, Hetty
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol 6, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Geological Agency

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17014/ijog.6.3.279-289

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.6.3.279-289Guntur Volcano was in a dormant state even though its seismicity had increased on April, 2013 and August, 2013. In this study, determination of hypocentre and seismic velocity structure was conducted using seismic data from 2010 to 2014 as recorded by a seismic station of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation of Indonesia (CVGHM). Volcano-Tectonic (VT) earthquakes were identified and carefully picked for P-and S-wave arrival times. More than 600 events of VT earthquakes from 2010 - 2014 were located using maximum likelihood estimation algorithm. The initial 1-D seismic velocity was calculated using Velest method in order to get the initial velocity as the input for the tomographic inversion. The results show distribution of VT hypocentres were clustered in three regions, namely Guntur Volcano, Kamojang geothermal area, and Darajat geothermal area. At the Guntur Volcano region, the VT events were located mostly at the northern part of the crater with the depth of hypocentre ranges from 0 - 4 km. The distribution of the VT events made alignment from the southwest to the northeast with the depth of hypocentre mostly ranges from 0 - 2 km at Kamojang region. Meanwhile, at Darajat geothermal area, the VT events were located at the depth of 0 - 2 km and made alignment from the southeast to the northwest. The low velocity zone associated with hot material or fluids was located at the depth of 5 km beneath the Guntur Crater. The location of VT earthquakes at the depth of 0 - 4 km beneath Guntur Crater was coincided with the area with high Vp and Vs anomalies. The low velocity zones were also found at Kamojang Crater and Cipanas hotspring area. It was predicted that the low velocity zone at the Kamojang Crater was related to a high temperature of the vapour system, whereas the reservoir of water was preferred to be dominated at the Cipanas hotspring.

Borehole Microseismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing: A Pilot Study on a Coal Bed Methane Reservoir in Indonesia Rexha Verdhora Ry; Tepy Septyana; Sri Widiyantoro; Andri Dian Nugraha; Arii Ardjuna
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 51 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2019.51.2.7

Over the last decade, microseismic monitoring has emerged as a considerable and capable technology for imaging stimulated hydraulic fractures in the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources. In this study, pilot hydraulic-fracturing treatments were operated at a coal-bed methane (CBM) field in Indonesia to stimulate the flow and increase the reservoir's permeability while the monitoring system was set in a single near-vertical borehole. Locating event sources accurately is fundamental to investigating the induced fractures, but the geometry of a single downhole array is a challenging data processing task, especially to remove ambiguity of the source locations. The locating procedure was reviewed in 3 main steps: (i) accurate picking of P- and S-wave phases; (ii) inclusion of P-wave particle motion to estimate the back azimuth; (iii) guided inversion for hypocenter determination. Furthermore, the seismic-source moment magnitudes were calculated by employing Brune's model. Reliable solutions of locations were obtained as shown statistically by uncertainty ellipsoids and a small misfit. Based on our results, both induced and triggered seismicity could be observed during the treatments and therefore conducting intensive monitoring is important. The triggered seismicity is an undesired activity so disaster precautions need to be taken, in particular for preventing reactivation of pre-existing faults.

Determination of Hypocentre and Seismic Velocity Structure in Guntur Volcano Using Seismic Data from 2010 to 2014 Ahmad Basuki; Andri Dian Nugraha; Sri Hidayati; Hetty Triastuty
Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol 6, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Geological Agency

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.6.3.279-289Guntur Volcano was in a dormant state even though its seismicity had increased on April, 2013 and August, 2013. In this study, determination of hypocentre and seismic velocity structure was conducted using seismic data from 2010 to 2014 as recorded by a seismic station of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation of Indonesia (CVGHM). Volcano-Tectonic (VT) earthquakes were identified and carefully picked for P-and S-wave arrival times. More than 600 events of VT earthquakes from 2010 - 2014 were located using maximum likelihood estimation algorithm. The initial 1-D seismic velocity was calculated using Velest method in order to get the initial velocity as the input for the tomographic inversion. The results show distribution of VT hypocentres were clustered in three regions, namely Guntur Volcano, Kamojang geothermal area, and Darajat geothermal area. At the Guntur Volcano region, the VT events were located mostly at the northern part of the crater with the depth of hypocentre ranges from 0 - 4 km. The distribution of the VT events made alignment from the southwest to the northeast with the depth of hypocentre mostly ranges from 0 - 2 km at Kamojang region. Meanwhile, at Darajat geothermal area, the VT events were located at the depth of 0 - 2 km and made alignment from the southeast to the northwest. The low velocity zone associated with hot material or fluids was located at the depth of 5 km beneath the Guntur Crater. The location of VT earthquakes at the depth of 0 - 4 km beneath Guntur Crater was coincided with the area with high Vp and Vs anomalies. The low velocity zones were also found at Kamojang Crater and Cipanas hotspring area. It was predicted that the low velocity zone at the Kamojang Crater was related to a high temperature of the vapour system, whereas the reservoir of water was preferred to be dominated at the Cipanas hotspring.

Seismic Velocity Structures beneath the Guntur Volcano Complex, West Java, Derived from Simultaneous Tomographic Inversion and Hypocenter Relocation Andri Dian Nugraha; Sri Widiyantoro; Awan Gunawan; Gede Suantika
Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences Vol. 45 No. 1 (2013)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services (LPPM) ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2013.45.1.2

We conducted travel time tomographic inversion to image seismic velocity structures (Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs ratio) with simultaneous hypocenter adjustment beneath the Guntur volcano complex that is located in the Garut district, West Java province, Indonesia. The Guntur volcano is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia, although large eruptions have not occurred for about 160 years. We used volcanic and tectonic earthquakes catalog data from seismic stations deployed by Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM). For the tomographic inversion procedure, we set grid nodes with a horizontal spacing of 2 x 2 km2 and an average vertical spacing of 2 km. Our results show low Vp, low Vs, and high Vp/Vs ratio regions beneath the Guntur crater and the Gandapura caldera at depths of 6-8 km and 7-9 km, respectively. These features can be associated with amelt-filled pore rock structure. However, a low Vp/Vs ratio and low velocities are exhibited beneath the Kamojang caldera at depths of 2-6 km that may be associated with rock with H2O-filled pores with a high aspect ratio.

Determining Velocity and Q-factor Structure using Crosshole Tomography F. Fatkhan; Andri Dian Nugraha; Ahmad Syahputra
Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences Vol. 45 No. 1 (2013)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services (LPPM) ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2013.45.1.3

In this study, we have conducted a crosshole tomography survey to obtain seismic data from two boreholes on the ITB campus. The first borehole was 39 meters deep while the second was 19 meters deep. The aim of the study was to determine the subsurface velocity and Q-factor for the region between the two boreholes for geotechnical purposes. Sources of seismic waves were produced by an impulse generator and sparker and were recorded by 12 channels of borehole hydrophones. In the tomography inversion, the pseudo-bending ray tracing method was employed to calculate travel times. The initial velocity model was a 1-D model with 1x1 m2 block dimensions. The non-linear inversion problem was solved by delay-time tomography with the LSQR method. Also, a checkerboard resolution test (CRT) was conducted to evaluate the resolution of the tomography inversion. Using the velocity structure results, a LSQR Q-tomography inversion was carried out using spectral curve fitting to obtain the attenuation structure (t* values). The resulting tomogram shows that there are 3 layers, with an unconsolidated layer (down to 8 meters), a consolidated layer (from 8 meters deep to 20 meters), and bedrock (more than 20 meters). From the results, the ground water level is estimated at a depth of 14 meters.

Development of an Inversion Method for Low Velocity Medium A. Afnimar; Andri Dian Nugraha; Ahmad Syahputra
Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences Vol. 45 No. 1 (2013)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services (LPPM) ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2013.45.1.8

The main problem with the inversion of a low velocity medium is the application of an appropriate ray tracing method after choosing a suitable model parameterization. Block parameterization is not suitable, because it is not capable of representing the velocity model well. A large amount of blocks with a small grid size are needed to express the model well, but in that case, a ray coverage problem will be encountered. A knot-point parameterization model is better suited than a block model, because it can express the velocity model well, while the number of variables is much smaller. Ray calculation using the pseudo-bending method is not appropriate for the velocity model because of an instability problem at high velocity gradients. The crucial problem of this method involves the initial ray-path that is optimized in order to obtain the "true" ray, but does not satisfy the Fermat principle. These problems can be solved by applying the eikonal-solver method, because this can handle high-velocity gradients and does not need an initial ray path. Using a suitable model parameterization and appropriate ray tracing method, the inversion can obtain good results that fit the desired output. Applying a block model and the pseudo-bending method will not produce the desired output.

Preliminary Estimation of Engineering Bedrock Depths from Microtremor Array Measurements in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia Sorja Koesuma; Mohamad Ridwan; Andri Dian Nugraha; Sri Widiyantoro; Yoichi Fukuda
Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences Vol. 49 No. 3 (2017)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services (LPPM) ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2017.49.3.8

In the last decade the city of Solo, located in Central Java, Indonesia, has grown significantly and become a major city. Many industries and hotels have been built in the city and its surroundings. This study aimed to determine the engineering bedrock depths in Solo, an important parameter in seismic hazard analysis. The microtremor array method was used to obtain 1D S-wave velocity profiles and construct layer depth maps. The spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method was used to calculate the dispersion curves, while the S-wave velocity structure was derived using a genetic algorithm (GA). The results of the S-wave velocity structure in Solo show that there are four stratigraphic layers, where the engineering bedrock depths in Solo exist within the range from 145 to 185 m. The shape of the bedrock basin is elongated in an east-west direction.

RELOKASI SUMBER GEMPA DI DAERAH SUMATERA BAGIAN UTARA MENGGUNAKAN HASIL INVERSI SIMULTAN RELOKASI DAN KECEPATAN GELOMBANG P TIGA DIMENSI Jajat Jatnika; Andri Dian Nugraha; Wandono Wandono
Jurnal Meteorologi dan Geofisika Vol 16, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan BMKG

Penujaman miring antara lempeng Indo-Australia dan Eurasia memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap kondisi tektonik dan vulkanik di Sumatera bagian utara. Subduksi tersebut mengakibatkan terbentuknya deretan gunung api dan zona sesar yang terbentang di pulau Sumatera. Seismisitas yang tinggi di wilayah Sumatera bagian utara tidak hanya diakibatkan oleh pengaruh dari subduksi saja, namun dapat juga diakibatkan karena keberadaan sesar aktif dan aktivitas gunung api yang berada di darat pulau Sumatera. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penentuan sumber gempa yang akurat dan presisi. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi penentuan sumber gempa adalah model kecepatan yang digunakan. Dengan menggunakan program Simulps12 yang secara simultan menghitung kecepatan 3-D gelombang P dengan hasil relokasi gempanya, diharapkan dapat menentukan sumber gempa sesuai dengan kondisi tektonik sebenarnya. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah waktu tiba gelombang P dan parameter gempa dari katalog BMKG 2009-2012 dan katalog PASSCAL Februari-Mei 1995. Penjejakan sinar gelombang menggunakan metode pseudo-bending sedangkan metode LSQR teredam digunakan dalam teknik inversinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa gempa hasil relokasi mengalami perubahan posisi baik secara horisontal maupun secara vertikal. Beberapa gempa menunjukan perubahan jarak horisontal yang besar yaitu sekitar 40-70 km. Sedangkan secara vertikal hampir setengah data mengalami perubahan kedalaman hingga 60 km. Setelah relokasi terlihat distribusi gempa dangkal di darat lebih berimpit dengan zona sesar Sumatera. Hal ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa zona sesar Sumatera sangat aktif dimana kedalaman gempa yang terjadi tidak lebih dari 50 km. The oblique subduction between the Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate in northern Sumatra gives a great influence on volcanic and tectonic conditions. The subduction resulted in the formation of a row of volcanoes and fault zones that lie on the island of Sumatra. The high seismicity in the northern Sumatra region is not only caused by the subduction alone but there are fault active and volcanoes. Then the precise determination of the earthquake source in accordance with the actual conditions needs to be done. One factor that affects the determination of earthquakes is the velocity model. By using the Simulps12 program that simultaneously calculates velocity models3-D and earthquake relocation, it was expected to determine the source of the earthquake following the actual conditions. The data used is the P wave arrival time and the parameters of the earthquake in a catalog of BMKG 2009-2012 and catalog of PASSCAL February-May 1995. Ray tracing in this study was using the pseudo-bending method, while the damped LSQR method was using inverse techniques. The results showed that the earthquake relocation results change positions either horizontally or vertically. Some earthquakes showed large changes in a horizontal distance of about 40-70 km vertically while almost half of the data changes to 60 km depth. After the relocation, the distribution of shallow earthquakes inland coincides with the Sumatra fault zone. It also shows that the Sumatra fault zone is highly active where the depth of the earthquake occurred not exceeding 50 km.

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