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Public Accounting and Business Accounting: Two Different Upstream Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
Journal of Accounting and Investment Vol 21, No 3: September 2020
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Research aims: This article is a persuasive essay, written with motivation to change readers' perceptions of accounting for public organizations, especially government organizations. This article aims to provide arguments following detailed explanations that accounting of public organization and accounting of business organization stand on two different accounting-world.Design/Methodology/Approach: This article is a persuasive essay.Research findings: The differences between the two have started since the beginning of the formation of each organization, namely differences in motives and backgrounds of the formation of the organization, goals of the organization's establishment and how to achieve organizational goals, as well as the source and nature of organizational funding.Theoretical contribution/ Originality: These differences in the upstream give consequences differences in downstream, which are significant dissimilarities between the two accounting worlds on planning and budgeting aspects, financial reporting systems (financial accounting), managerial accounting, and auditing.Practitioner/Policy implication: This significant difference in accounting education implies that the curriculum of accounting education must be reconsidered by separating the public accounting curriculum and the business accounting curriculum.

Analysis of Compliance and Audit Opinion, Correlation and Causes of Failure in Detecting Non Compliance: A Study on Local Government Abdullah Lathif Elbaaqy Habiby; Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
Riset Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia Vol 5, No 2 (2020): Riset Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/reaksi.v5i2.11766

This study aims to analyze the correlation between level of local government compliance with laws/regulations and audit opinions on Local Government Financial Statements (LGFS) and to identify causes of failure in detecting non-compliance, including non-compliance that contains elements of fraud, in LGFS audit. The method used is explanatory sequential mixed methods with a content analysis approach on fifty four LGFS samples and interview the auditors of the Audit Board of Republic of Indonesia (the AB). The results show that there is a correlation between level of compliance of local government and audit opinion on LGFS, but there are risk in detecting non-compliance and risk of errors in audit opinion caused by different concepts in determining fraud, unclear guidelines on compliance testing, different concept of materiality among the AB auditors, failure to update programs audit, potential threats/dangers experienced Bay auditors, and failure to reduce auditors’ negative perception on working protection. The limitation of this study is that participants only involve auditors from three representative offices originating from Java and do not conduct confirmation to the unit responsible for the preparation of audit guidelines and units that deal with legal issues. This research implied that the AB must increase effectiveness of audit quality Assurances to improve audit quality and the AB auditors should be able to apply the principle of due professional care in carrying out LGFS audit so that audit quality is maintained.

DEVELOPING A MEASURE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT’S FINANCIAL CONDITION Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business (JIEB) Vol 29, No 2 (2014): May
Publisher : Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada

This study develops an instrument to measure the financial condition of local governments (LG) in Indonesia. The instrument will serve as an early warning system for local governments’ financial management. The instrument to measure their financial condition consists of six dimensions, namely short-term solvency, long-term solvency, budgetary solvency, service-level solvency, financial flexibility, and financial independence. Each dimension has its own indicators. There are a total of eighteen indicators examined in this study. These indicators are combined to form a composite index, called a Financial Condition Index (FCI). The reliability and validity of the composite index is analyzed and the results show that the measures developed in this study are reliable and valid. In addition, the instrument possesses the criteria of a good measure: it is theoretically sound, a comprehensive assessment, it has predictive ability, distinctive ability, it is practical, objective, and a resistant to manipulation and gaming.

Pengaruh Tata Kelola Pemerintah Daerah Terhadap Transparansi Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah: Bukti Empiris Pada Pemerintah Provinsidi Indonesia Syamsul Syamsul; Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
Jurnal Akuntansi Vol. 21 No. 3 (2017): September 2017
Publisher : Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/ja.v21i3.251

This study developed a research Beekes and Brown (2006) who found that corporate governance makes companies more informative (more transparent). This study aims to prove whether the same results were also found in environmental governance in Indonesia. The theory is used to achieve the goal of this research is the theory of agency. This research was conducted in 32 local governments in Indonesia. Based on a simple regression model, this study shows that local governance affects positively the transparency of local financial management. Such findings reinforce previous research. The findings of this study provide a useful contribution to government officials (executive and legislative), in demonstrating the important role of local governance in encouraging the transparency of local financial management. In addition, the findings of this study can be used as the basis for further research related to the topic of local governance and transparency of local financial management.

Analysing The Quality Of Accrual Accounting Implementation In Indonesia Local Governments Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
Jurnal Akuntansi Vol. 22 No. 2 (2018): May 2018
Publisher : Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/ja.v22i2.345

The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of accrual accounting implementation in Indonesia local governments. In the context of Indonesia local government, to the author's knowledge, this study is the first in proposing a concept to assess the quality of accrual accounting, which is based on the timeliness of transaction recognition. The quality of accrual accounting is assessed through five types of accrual transactions, which are converting assets to expenses transactions, accruing unpaid expenses transactions, accruing unpaid assets transactions, accruing uncollected revenues transactions, and converting liabilities to revenues transactions. This research is descriptive qualitative research because this research aims to provide facts about quality of accrual accounting implementation in Indonesia local government. The data used in this study is primary data in the form of questionnaires obtained directly from the respondents. The respondents of this study are people who have experience in preparing the local government financial statements. Results of this study are, first, the quality of accrual accounting implementation in Indonesia is low with the quality score of 48.57%. Second, there is no significant difference in the quality of accrual accounting implementation in local government with unqualified opinions and local government with qualifiedÂ opinions. Third, there is no significant difference in the quality of accrual accounting implementation among types of local governments, namely regency local government, municipal local government, and provincial local government.

Analysis of the Relationship between Quality of Financial Statements Review and Audit Findings on the Local Government Financial Statements in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia Dwi Windarsih; Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
The Indonesian Journal of Accounting Research Vol 20, No 2 (2017): IJAR May 2017
Publisher : The Indonesian Journal of Accounting Research

Abstract: There are two objectives of this study. The first objective is to evaluate the quality of local government financial statement (LGFS) review conducted by five local government inspectorate offices (i.e., internal auditor) in the Province Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Secondly, this study analyzes the relationship between the quality of LGFS review and the number of audit findings conducted by the Supreme Audit Board (i.e., the external auditor). This study uses qualitative methods. Results of this study indicate that the quality of LGFS review varies significantly among local governments as shown by the score of review quality ranging from 73.08% to 83.59%. Furthermore, the quality of LGFS review has a negative correlation with the number of audit findings, which means that the better the quality of the review the smaller the number of audit findings. Results of this study are expected to provide input to local government inspectorates to take necessary steps so that the implementation of LGFS review to be more qualified. In turn, the number of audit findings can be minimized. Also, the academic benefits of this research are to become a reference for the next researcher who wants to do further research related to the implementation of the LGFS review.Abstrak: Ada dua tujuan dari penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk mengevaluasi kualitas ulasan laporan keuangan pemerintah daerah (LGFS) yang dilakukan oleh lima kantor inspektorat pemerintah daerah (yaitu auditor internal) di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kedua, studi ini menganalisis hubungan antara kualitas tinjauan LGFS dan jumlah temuan audit yang dilakukan oleh Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (yaitu auditor eksternal). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas tinjauan LGFS bervariasi secara signifikan di antara pemerintah daerah seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh skor kualitas ulasan mulai dari 73,08% menjadi 83,59%. Selanjutnya, kualitas tinjauan LGFS memiliki korelasi negatif dengan jumlah temuan audit, yang berarti bahwa semakin baik kualitas peninjauan semakin kecil jumlah temuan audit. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan kepada inspektorat pemerintah daerah untuk mengambil langkah-langkah yang diperlukan sehingga pelaksanaan tinjauan LGFS menjadi lebih berkualitas. Pada gilirannya, jumlah temuan audit dapat diminimalkan. Selain itu, manfaat akademik dari penelitian ini adalah menjadi referensi bagi peneliti berikutnya yang ingin melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut terkait dengan pelaksanaan tinjauan LGFS.

Analysis of Relationship between Effectiveness of Internal Control System and Audit Opinions on Local Government Financial Statements Indra Kesuma; Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
The Indonesian Journal of Accounting Research Vol 23, No 3 (2020): IJAR September 2020
Publisher : The Indonesian Journal of Accounting Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33312/ijar.497

This study aims to analyse and to describe relationship between effectiveness of internal control system (ICS) and audit opinion of the Audit Board (the AB) of the Republic of Indonesia on Local Government Financial Statements (LGFS). In addition, this study also aims to explain the consideration of ICS effectiveness in the process of formulating audit opinion. This study uses an explanatory sequential mixed method. This study uses a different approach compared to previous research by considering materiality factors in assessing effectiveness of ICS. Sample of this study is fifty four local government in Indonesia. Analytical tools used include content analysis, correlation analysis, mean difference tests, and textual data analysis. Content analysis is performed on fifty four ICS Audit Reports year 2017, correlation analysis utilizes Somer’s d and Kendall’s tau c, and mean difference test analysis uses Kruskal Wallis. Meanwhile, textual data analysis is carried out on the results of interviews with nine auditors from three AB representative offices in Java. Results of this study show that effectiveness of ICS has a strong and positive relationship with audit opinion on LGFS. In addition, average score of ICS effectiveness is different for each group of LGFS audit opinion. This fact shows that the AB has considered ICS effectiveness in formulating audit opinions. Results of interview show that pattern of relationship between effectiveness of ICS and audit opinion is indirect. The AB considers effectiveness of ICS in the phase of determining audit planning materiality rate and in the phase of analyzing impact of ICS findings on the fairness of LGFS. Implication of this results is that the government should revise audit regulations by removing ICS effectiveness as one of factors that must be considered in the formulation of audit opinion because ICS effectiveness and audit opinion are not directly related.

Lessons Learned From Early Implementation Stage of Accrual Accounting in Indonesia Local Government. A Case Study in Local Government of Province Jawa Timur Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
The Indonesian Journal of Accounting Research Vol 19, No 2 (2016): IJAR May 2016
Publisher : The Indonesian Journal of Accounting Research

Abstract:Starting from 1 January 2015, all local governments in Indonesia implement accrual accounting. There is a big question as of how good the implementation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the implementation of accrual accounting in a local government in Indonesia for the first three months. This study utilizes descriptive-qualitative research method. This study finds that almost all of the working unit in the local government has not implemented the accrual accounting properly because the implementation is not conformed to the Government Accounting Standards. However, the local government showed a tendency to improvement. Problems in the implementation involved inadequatehuman resourcecapacity, poor commitment and poor intention of leaders of local government working units to implement accrual accounting, the poor infrastructure of accrual accounting, and poor organizational and internal coordination of local government working unit. Findings of this study will contribute benefits to other local governments by learning the successful critical variables in implementing accrual accounting. Based on results, the central government (i.e., the Ministry of Home Affairs), local government executives could utilize the evidence to improve the implementation of accrual accounting for the future time. For Indonesian scholars and practitioners in the field of public sector accounting, this study will represent the first attempt to assess the implementation of accrual accounting in Indonesia.Abstrak: Mulai dari 1 Januari 2015, semua pemerintah daerah di Indonesia menerapkan akuntansi akrual. Ada pertanyaan besar tentang seberapa bagus implementasinya. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai penerapan akuntansi akrual di pemerintah daerah di Indonesia selama tiga bulan pertama. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif. Studi ini menemukan bahwa hampir semua unit kerja di pemerintah daerah belum menerapkan akuntansi akrual dengan baik karena pelaksanaannya tidak sesuai dengan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah. Namun, pemerintah daerah menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk perbaikan. Masalah dalam implementasi melibatkan kapasitas sumber daya manusia yang tidak memadai, komitmen yang buruk dan niat buruk dari pemimpin unit kerja pemerintah daerah untuk menerapkan akuntansi akrual, infrastruktur buruk akuntansi akrual, dan koordinasi organisasi dan internal yang buruk dari unit kerja pemerintah daerah. Temuan dari studi ini akan memberikan manfaat bagi pemerintah daerah lainnya dengan mempelajari variabel kritis yang berhasil dalam menerapkan akuntansi akrual. Berdasarkan hasil, pemerintah pusat (yaitu, Departemen Dalam Negeri), eksekutif pemerintah lokal dapat memanfaatkan bukti untuk meningkatkan pelaksanaan akuntansi akrual untuk waktu mendatang. Bagi para sarjana dan praktisi Indonesia di bidang akuntansi sektor publik, penelitian ini akan mewakili upaya pertama untuk menilai penerapan akuntansi akrual di Indonesia.Abstract:Starting from 1 January 2015, all local governments in Indonesia implement accrual accounting. There is a big question as of how good the implementation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the implementation of accrual accounting in a local government in Indonesia for the first three months. This study utilizes descriptive-qualitative research method. This study finds that almost all of the working unit in the local government has not implemented the accrual accounting properly because the implementation is not conformed to the Government Accounting Standards. However, the local government showed a tendency to improvement. Problems in the implementation involved inadequatehuman resourcecapacity, poor commitment and poor intention of leaders of local government working units to implement accrual accounting, the poor infrastructure of accrual accounting, and poor organizational and internal coordination of local government working unit. Findings of this study will contribute benefits to other local governments by learning the successful critical variables in implementing accrual accounting. Based on results, the central government (i.e., the Ministry of Home Affairs), local government executives could utilize the evidence to improve the implementation of accrual accounting for the future time. For Indonesian scholars and practitioners in the field of public sector accounting, this study will represent the first attempt to assess the implementation of accrual accounting in Indonesia. Keywords: local government, accrual accounting Abstrak:Mulai dari 1 Januari 2015, semua pemerintah daerah di Indonesia menerapkan akuntansi akrual. Ada pertanyaan besar tentang seberapa bagus implementasinya. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai penerapan akuntansi akrual di pemerintah daerah di Indonesia selama tiga bulan pertama. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif. Studi ini menemukan bahwa hampir semua unit kerja di pemerintah daerah belum menerapkan akuntansi akrual dengan baik karena pelaksanaannya tidak sesuai dengan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah. Namun, pemerintah daerah menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk perbaikan. Masalah dalam implementasi melibatkan kapasitas sumber daya manusia yang tidak memadai, komitmen yang buruk dan niat buruk dari pemimpin unit kerja pemerintah daerah untuk menerapkan akuntansi akrual, infrastruktur buruk akuntansi akrual, dan koordinasi organisasi dan internal yang buruk dari unit kerja pemerintah daerah. Temuan dari studi ini akan memberikan manfaat bagi pemerintah daerah lainnya dengan mempelajari variabel kritis yang berhasil dalam menerapkan akuntansi akrual. Berdasarkan hasil, pemerintah pusat (yaitu, Departemen Dalam Negeri), eksekutif pemerintah lokal dapat memanfaatkan bukti untuk meningkatkan pelaksanaan akuntansi akrual untuk waktu mendatang. Bagi para sarjana dan praktisi Indonesia di bidang akuntansi sektor publik, penelitian ini akan mewakili upaya pertama untuk menilai penerapan akuntansi akrual di Indonesia.

Gap Analysis between Potential and Budgeted Entertainment Tax Revenues in Local Government Krist Setyo Yulianto; Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
Journal of Accounting and Investment Vol 23, No 3: September 2022
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Research aims: This study seeks to explain factors causing a significant gap between the potential and budgeted entertainment tax revenues in Wonosobo Regency Government.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used a qualitative research approach with a case study method. The data were obtained through in-depth interviews and document content analysis.Research findings: This study uncovered that factors causing the gap between potential and budgeted entertainment tax revenues comprised the legislature's waiver to discuss the entertainment tax revenues budget intensively and in detail, executive opportunism behavior, and information asymmetry between the executive and the legislature. This study also found the phenomenon of incremental budgeting in determining the entertainment tax revenues budget.Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides a practical contribution for stakeholders to improve local revenue budgeting policies and offers an academic contribution as a scholarly reference regarding the opportunistic behavior of agents in setting revenue budgets, especially for small-in-size tax, for public organizations.

Analisis Tingkat Pengungkapan Akun Persediaan dalam Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah di Jawa Puji Suwarjuwono; Irwan Taufiq Ritonga
Jurnal Dinamika Akuntansi dan Bisnis Vol 4, No 2 (2017): September 2017
Publisher : Accounting Departement Economics and Business Faculty Syiah Kuala University

According to regulation Act No. 15/2004, adequate disclosure is one of the main criteria for the auditors in giving opinion for local government financial statements (LGFS). All accounts composing LGFS must be disclosed adequately. One of the most important accounts is inventory account in the balance sheet. This research aims to analyze whether the level of disclosure of inventory account is in accordance with the requirements of Government Accounting Standards Number 5 (GAS No. 5) on Inventory. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach. Documentation technique was utilized to collect 113 local government financial statements of regencies/cities in Java for fiscal year 2014. To analyze the data, this study employs percentage descriptive techniques. It was found that disclosure level of inventories account on local government financial statements in Java was still low and not in accordance with GAS No 5. Furthermore, there was no difference in the level of inventory disclosure among LGFS with unqualified opinion, qualified opinion, and disclaimer opinion. The average disclosure level of inventories for LGFS in Java amounted to 40,35%, with the highest disclosure level was 80,00% belonged to only two LGFS.

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