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All Journal The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Makara Journal of Health Research
Ibrahim, Farah Wahida
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Public Health

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Journal : The Indonesian Biomedical Journal

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Early Active Exercise Improves MDA, SOD, and GSH Levels without Memory or NO Changes in Wistar Rats Fairof, Muhammad Hafiz Zuhdi; Mat Ludin, Arimi Fitri; Anas, Nur Diyana; Husna, Ainaa; Che Hasan, Ahmad Muhaimin; Ahmad Abdullah, Amirul Hafiz; Ibrahim, Farah Wahida; Pramono, Adriyan; Rajab, Nor Fadilah
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 4 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i4.3663

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Circadian rhythms regulate various physiological processes, including responses to exercise. However, the effects of exercise timing on cognitive function and oxidative stress remain unclear. One key factor in oxidative stress is nitric oxide (NO), an enzyme complex that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of normal cellular signaling. Excessive NO activity can disrupt redox balance and contribute to neuronal damage. An imbalance favoring oxidative stress can impair memory and learning, while a higher antioxidant capacity supports brain health and cognitive performance. This study was performed to investigate whether early active and late active aerobic exercise differentially impact cognitive function and oxidative stress biomarkers in Wistar rats.METHODS: Sixteen male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: early active control, late active control, early active exercise, and late active exercise. The exercise groups underwent treadmill running for seven weeks, five days per week. Cognitive performance was assessed using the novel object recognition (NOR) test, while oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were analyzed from brain tissue samples (hippocampus) following already established methods. Meanwhile the NO were assessed using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).RESULTS: This study showed that exercise timing did not significantly affect non-spatial memory performance. However, early active exercise led to a significant increase in SOD and GSH levels compared to the control and late active exercise groups, suggesting enhanced antioxidant activity. Conversely, late active exercise did not significantly impact oxidative stress markers. No changes was found in the NO concentration in both exercise timing.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that exercise performed during the early active phase may be more beneficial for oxidative stress regulation, potentially contributing to long-term cognitive resilience.KEYWORDS: circadian rhythm, exercise timing, cognitive function, oxidative stress
Aluminum Exposure Induces Time-Dependent Cognitive Decline, Anxiety, and Brain Aluminum Accumulation in Rats Ahmad Abdullah, Amirul Hafiz; Anuar, Husna; Rosli, Nur Afiqha; Faizal, Hilal Haiqal; Moothy, Kalaimathy; Fairof, Muhammad Hafiz Zuhdi; Jufri, Nurul Farhana; Masre, Siti Fathiah; Rajab, Nor Fadilah; Ibrahim, Farah Wahida
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 5 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i5.3746

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Aluminum, a nonessential element, can accumulate in the brain and has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although previous studies have examined aluminum neurotoxicity, many focus on a single time point, limiting insight into how aluminum accumulates over time. This study addresses that gap by investigating time-dependent aluminum accumulation and associated neurobehavioral changes in rats at 14, 28, and 42 days.METHODS: Male Wistar rats were administered 200 mg/kg/day aluminum chloride (AlCl3) via oral gavage for 14 (acute), 28 (subacute), and 42 (subchronic) days. Cognitive and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed using the 2-novel object recognition (2NOR) test, spontaneous alternation Y-maze, and open field test (OFT). Brain aluminum levels were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).RESULTS: There were impairments in spatial and non-spatial memory and increased anxiety-like behavior across all exposure durations (p<0.05). Non-spatial memory performance decreased by 50.5%, 37.7%, and 56.2% on day-14, -28, and -42, respectively. Spatial memory significantly declined by 34.3% and 43.2% on day-14 and -42, respectively, while the 20.0% decrease at day-28 was not statistically significant. Anxiety-like behavior increased, with center zone entries reduced by 37.6%, 64.9%, and 62.9% across the same time points. Brain aluminum concentrations were significantly elevated in all aluminum-exposed groups compared to controls, with increases of 2,622.6%, 314.7%, and 969.3% on day-14, -28, and -42, respectively (p<0.05). The increase was not strictly proportional to exposure duration, suggesting possible homeostatic regulation. Weight and liver assessments confirmed the subtoxic nature of the exposure.CONCLUSION: Exposure to aluminum for 42 days induces behavioral deficits and increases brain aluminum levels, which may support its potential relevance as a model to study aluminum-induced neurotoxicity.KEYWORDS: aluminum exposure, cognitive function, anxiety, temporal progression, neurobehavioral changes
Co-Authors Abdul Warif, Nor Malia Adriyan Pramono Ahmad Abdullah, Amirul Hafiz Anas, Nur Diyana Anuar, Husna Che Din, Normah Che Hasan, Ahmad Muhaimin Fairof, Muhammad Hafiz Zuhdi Faizal, Hilal Haiqal Ghazali, Ahmad Rohi Harun, Dzalani Husna, Ainaa Ishak, Ismarulyusda Jufri, Nurul Farhana Mariappan, Vanitha Marzuki, Nur Aqilah Masre, Siti Fathiah Mat Ludin, Arimi Fitri Md. Zahir, Mohd Zaharen Moothy, Kalaimathy Othman, Mohd Sham Rajab, Nor Fadilah Rosli, Nur Afiqha Shaidin, Amira Aqilah Yaacob, Muhamad Toriq