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All Journal Lampung Journal of International Law (LaJIL) Trunojoyo Law Review
Gregorius Sri Nurhartanto
Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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THE FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF REPRESENTATION OF STATES IN THEIR RELATIONS WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF A UNIVERSAL CHARACTER Gregorius Sri Nurhartanto
Lampung Journal of International Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/lajil.v4i2.2666

Abstract

The development of International relations have rapidly since the signing of Westphalia Treaty in 1648. The relationship are not only between States but also by public international organizations (Inter Governmental Organizations). After the Second World War, the establishment of the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies and Other Organs has encouraged the intensive of international cooperation and the making of treaties as a source of international law. The United Nations and its Special Agencies and Other Organs is often called as an international organization of a universal character. Both States members and non-States members establish cooperation with this universal international organization. The existence of State representation in a universal international organization with a universal character is very important for strengthening the cooperation between States and international organizations.
Federal Constitutional Court of Pakistan: Prospects and Lessons from Indonesia Ousu Mendy; Gregorius Sri Nurhartanto
TRUNOJOYO LAW REVIEW Vol 8, No 2 (2026): August (On Progress)
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Trunojoyo Madura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21107/tlr.v8i2.33187

Abstract

This study aims to examine the institutional design of the newly established Constitutional Court of Pakistan under the 27th Constitutional Amendment to the 1973 Constitution through a comparative analysis with the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, focusing on judicial independence, accountability, and the protection of constitutional rights. The contribution of this research lies in providing a comparative constitutional law perspective on the compatibility of Pakistan’s new constitutional adjudication framework while identifying institutional lessons from the Indonesian model. This study employs normative legal research using descriptive and prescriptive approaches. The findings show that establishing a specialized Constitutional Court can strengthen constitutionalism, democracy, and the protection of fundamental rights. However, several provisions introduced by the 27th Constitutional Amendment raise concerns regarding judicial independence, accountability, and the right to a fair trial. The comparative analysis indicates that the Indonesian Constitutional Court provides a more balanced framework for safeguarding judicial autonomy while maintaining institutional accountability through constitutional mechanisms. This study concludes that, although the establishment of the Constitutional Court represents a significant constitutional development in Pakistan, certain aspects of its institutional arrangement remain inconsistent with international human rights obligations and universally recognized standards of judicial independence. Therefore, the amendment should be subject to constitutional review and reform to ensure conformity with Pakistan’s international commitments. It is recommended that the Constitutional Court adopt a rights-based interpretative approach grounded in the International Bill of Rights and strengthen the constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination as fundamental norms guiding constitutional adjudication and the protection of human rights.
Co-Authors Ousu Mendy