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All Journal Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas
Dita Maria Virginia
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sanata Dharma
Medicine & Pharmacology

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High Frequency of CYP2A6*4, CYP2A6*7, and CYP2A6*9 Alleles Detected Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetic: Genetic Study in The Private Hospital in Yogyakarta Christine Patramurti; Dita Maria Virginia; Fenty Fenty; Christianus Heru Setiawan; Jeffry Julianus; Phebe Hendra; Nicholas Adi Perdana Susanto
Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community) Vol 19, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Sanata Dharma University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (532.863 KB) | DOI: 10.24071/jpsc.003902

Abstract

Smoking is a risk factor for type 2 diabetic (T2DM), since the nicotine in cigarettes can cause insulin resistance and increase lipolysis. Both of these can worsen the condition of patients with T2DM and increase treatment failure. Nicotine is metabolized to cotinine by the CYP2A6 enzyme encoded by the CYP2A6 gene. This gene is highly polymorphic, with several inactive alleles, which are CYP2A6 *4, CYP2A6 *7, and CYP2A6 *9. Someone who has an inactive gene will experience being a slow or poor metabolizer. Therefore, the nicotine metabolism will decrease, nicotine blood levels will increase, causing therapy failure among patients with T2DM. This study aims to determine the distribution of CYP2A6*4, CYP2A6*7, and CYP2A6*9 among patients with T2DM who have been routinely treated using oral antidiabetics. We also investigated whether HbA1c levels is a predictor for the success of the treatment. This observational study was conducted with a cross-sectional design. Polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the three inactive alleles with specific primers. Based on our study, there is a high frequency of the inactive alleles, i.e., CYP2A6*4, CYP2A6*7, and CYP2A6*9, among the patients with T2DM. The presence of these inactive alleles will worsen and reduce the effectiveness of the therapy. Smoking cessation programs are needed to increase the effectiveness of the anti-diabetic therapy.
Why Does the Poor Glycemic Control Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Remain High in Southeast Asia? Maria Lisa Nova; Dita Maria Virginia
Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community) Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Sanata Dharma University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24071/jpsc.006214

Abstract

Presently, as well, 55% of the world’s diabetic population is Asian, with an estimated 230 million. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) shows that the number of people with diabetes in the Southeast Asia (SEA) Region is 16.8% of all people with diabetes worldwide. To manage a patient’s blood glucose level, consider minimizing the worst effects of diabetes mellitus. Glycemic control using HbA1c levels is one of the important factors in the risk of diabetes that is associated with complications and mortality. A PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the following: We only screened original-type articles for relevance and considered them further. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Southeast Asia mostly experience uncontrolled blood glucose. More than 50% of research subjects show poor glycemic control. The influencing factors of poor glycemic control in Southeast Asia were age, BMI, hypertension, smoking activity, education, physical activity, and dyslipidemia. The awareness of glycemic control must be improved in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Co-Authors Christianus Heru Setiawan Christine Patramurti Fenty Fenty Jeffry Julianus Maria Lisa Nova Nicholas Adi Perdana Susanto Phebe Hendra