Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Perlindungan Aset Digital Dalam Dunia Metaverse Berdasarkan Hukum Nasional Thomas Dragono; Wiwik Sri Widiarty; Bernard Nainggolan
Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Vol 7 No 1 (2023): Juni 2023
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PGRI YOGYAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31316/jk.v7i1.4901

Abstrak Perkembangan teknologi digital yang pesat telah memunculkan fenomena baru dalam bentuk aset digital NFT (Non-Fungible Token) dan masifnya pengembangan Metaverse. NFT adalah sertifikat digital yang menunjukkan kepemilikan suatu objek virtual dan tercatat dalam blockchain. Metaverse memungkinkan pengguna untuk berbagi pengalaman dalam bentuk realitas virtual 3D sekaligus evolusi teknologi sosial yang membuka babak baru dalam interaksi manusia. Berbagai aspek bisnis dapat dilakukan melalui Metaverse, termasuk investasi saham, penggunaan blockchain, dan kepemilikan aset. Meskipun Metaverse memuahkan dan membuka peluang bisnis yang luas, masih belum ada regulasi komprehensif yang mengatur aspek hukum Metaverse di Indonesia. Ketidakteraturan regulasi ini dapat mengakibatkan ketidakjelasan dalam perlindungan hukum bagi pengguna Metaverse, terutama terkait hak cipta, keamanan transaksi elektronik, dan hak kebendaan aset digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya pengembangan dan penyempurnaan peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih spesifik dan adaptif terhadap perkembangan teknologi dan dunia virtual untuk memastikan perlindungan hukum yang memadai di Metaverse. Kata Kunci: NFT, Metaverse, Transaksi Elektronik Abstract The rapid development of digital technology has given rise to a new phenomenon in the form of NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) and the extensive growth of the Metaverse. NFTs serve as digital certificates that demonstrate ownership of virtual objects and are recorded on the blockchain. The Metaverse allows users to share experiences in the form of 3D virtual reality, marking a new phase in social technological evolution and human interaction. Various business aspects, including stock investment, blockchain utilization, and asset ownership, can be conducted within the Metaverse. Despite the exciting prospects and broad business opportunities offered by the Metaverse, there is still a lack of comprehensive regulations governing its legal aspects in Indonesia. This regulatory vacuum may lead to uncertainties regarding legal protection for Metaverse users, particularly concerning copyright, electronic transaction security, and digital asset ownership. This research employs a qualitative methodology with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings highlight the need for the development and refinement of more specific and adaptive legislation to keep pace with technological advancements and ensure adequate legal protection within the Metaverse. Keywords: NFT, Metaverse, Electronic Transaction

The Going Concern Paradigm in Bankruptcy Process Reviewed from Regulations in Indonesia Bernard Nainggolan; Kostruba Anatoliy
Jurnal Hukum Vol 40, No 1 (2024): Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Unissula

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/jh.v40i1.37175

Companies often seek alternative debt resolution methods in bankruptcy to avoid liquidation or operational shutdown. One such alternative is through a settlement, where the debtor offers partial payment of the debt to creditors with the condition of being released from the remaining debt. Additionally, the suspension of debt obligations allows companies to develop a financial restructuring plan that can ensure long-term operational sustainability. Thus, the purpose of this study is important to understand how bankruptcy decisions, and debt settlement alternatives for business actors and stakeholders. This research uses a descriptive approach by analyzing relevant legislation, legal literature, and case studies to understand the mechanisms and legal implications of the bankruptcy process. The secondary data used comes from sources such as laws, court rulings, and relevant legal literature. The primary focus of this research is to analyze Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations. The study results indicate that the bankruptcy process in Indonesia relies on mechanisms such as debt payment suspension, settlement, and judicial review to resolve debts and ensure business continuity. The going concern paradigm is integrated into these processes, although in a different context from the principle in civil law.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS IN INSURANCE AGREEMENTS GENERALLY AND ESPECIALLY MARINE HULL INSURANCE AS ONE OF INDONESIA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Marihot Simanjuntak; Tumanggor Tumanggor; Bernard Nainggolan; Wiwik Sri Widiarty
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research Vol 6, No 1.2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Dharma Wacana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29099/ijair.v6i1.2.792

This study aims to determine consumer legal protection in general insurance agreements and special marine creep insurance as one of Indonesia's economic development. This research is a mixed research method (mix method), namely normative juridical and empirical juridical. Data collection techniques Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources are among the legal materials studied and evaluated in this normative legal study. The results of the study show that legal protection for consumers in insurance agreements and practices is generally regulated in the Civil Code, the Commercial Code, Law No. 40 of 2014 concerning Insurance Business and the Consumer Protection Act which each of these rules contains related to the legal protection of insurance agreements. Legal protection for insurance customers, the insurance (guarantor) will provide compensation to the insured (customer) in accordance with the methods and conditions contained in the policy. Against losses resulting from guaranteed risks such as property losses resulting from a hazard or disaster.

Perlindungan Aset Digital Dalam Dunia Metaverse Berdasarkan Hukum Nasional Thomas Dragono; Wiwik Sri Widiarty; Bernard Nainggolan
Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Vol 7 No 1 (2023): Juni 2023
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PGRI YOGYAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31316/jk.v7i1.4901

Abstrak Perkembangan teknologi digital yang pesat telah memunculkan fenomena baru dalam bentuk aset digital NFT (Non-Fungible Token) dan masifnya pengembangan Metaverse. NFT adalah sertifikat digital yang menunjukkan kepemilikan suatu objek virtual dan tercatat dalam blockchain. Metaverse memungkinkan pengguna untuk berbagi pengalaman dalam bentuk realitas virtual 3D sekaligus evolusi teknologi sosial yang membuka babak baru dalam interaksi manusia. Berbagai aspek bisnis dapat dilakukan melalui Metaverse, termasuk investasi saham, penggunaan blockchain, dan kepemilikan aset. Meskipun Metaverse memuahkan dan membuka peluang bisnis yang luas, masih belum ada regulasi komprehensif yang mengatur aspek hukum Metaverse di Indonesia. Ketidakteraturan regulasi ini dapat mengakibatkan ketidakjelasan dalam perlindungan hukum bagi pengguna Metaverse, terutama terkait hak cipta, keamanan transaksi elektronik, dan hak kebendaan aset digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya pengembangan dan penyempurnaan peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih spesifik dan adaptif terhadap perkembangan teknologi dan dunia virtual untuk memastikan perlindungan hukum yang memadai di Metaverse. Kata Kunci: NFT, Metaverse, Transaksi Elektronik Abstract The rapid development of digital technology has given rise to a new phenomenon in the form of NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) and the extensive growth of the Metaverse. NFTs serve as digital certificates that demonstrate ownership of virtual objects and are recorded on the blockchain. The Metaverse allows users to share experiences in the form of 3D virtual reality, marking a new phase in social technological evolution and human interaction. Various business aspects, including stock investment, blockchain utilization, and asset ownership, can be conducted within the Metaverse. Despite the exciting prospects and broad business opportunities offered by the Metaverse, there is still a lack of comprehensive regulations governing its legal aspects in Indonesia. This regulatory vacuum may lead to uncertainties regarding legal protection for Metaverse users, particularly concerning copyright, electronic transaction security, and digital asset ownership. This research employs a qualitative methodology with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings highlight the need for the development and refinement of more specific and adaptive legislation to keep pace with technological advancements and ensure adequate legal protection within the Metaverse. Keywords: NFT, Metaverse, Electronic Transaction

The Per Se Illegal and Rule of Reason Approaches in the Judicial Practice of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission from the Perspective of Legal Certainty Kamser Lumbanradja; Dhaniswara K Harjono; Hulman Panjaitan; Bernard Nainggolan
Asian Journal of Social and Humanities Vol. 4 No. 12 (2026): Asian Journal of Social and Humanities (Issue in Progres)
Publisher : Pelopor Publikasi Akademika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59888/ajosh.v4i12.778

This research aimed to analyze the application of the per se illegal and rule of reason approaches in the adjudicative practice of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha [KPPU]) and their implications for legal certainty in Indonesian competition law enforcement. The research problem was motivated by differences in the characteristics of these approaches in examining competition cases, which in practice continued to create uncertainty regarding the boundaries of their application. This condition potentially resulted in differing interpretations, inconsistent decisions, and uncertainty for business actors in distinguishing between permitted and prohibited conduct. This research employed a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Data were obtained through literature studies involving relevant legislation, KPPU decisions, legal literature, and academic sources. The analysis was conducted qualitatively to examine the consistency between legal provisions and their implementation in adjudicative practice. The results showed that both approaches served different functions: the per se illegal approach was applied to conduct that was inherently anti-competitive, while the rule of reason approach was applied to conduct requiring an assessment of economic impacts and market conditions. However, the implementation of these approaches in KPPU practice still faced challenges due to the absence of clear and consistent parameters, which affected legal certainty. Therefore, clearer implementation guidelines were required to ensure that both approaches could be applied proportionally and provide greater legal certainty in Indonesian competition law enforcement.

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