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All Journal Journal of Global Pharma Technology International Journal of Energy Systems and Materials Innovation
Fatemeh Rezaei
Unknown Affiliation
Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Energy Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology

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The Role of Meta-Cognitive, Dysfunctional Cognition and Early Maladaptive Schemas on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Fatemeh Rezaei
Journal of Global Pharma Technology Volume 09 Issue 05
Publisher : Journal of Global Pharma Technology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of meta-cognitive and dysfunctional cognition in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The study participants consisted of 600 staff of Khuzestan Steel Company (KSC). They filled out the following questionnaires: Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R, Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), Young's 90-item Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, Meta-Cognitive Belief Inventory and Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (NATQ). The results indicated that the proposed model has an acceptable fit (RMSEA=0.078). According to this model, early maladaptive schemas directly and indirectly predicted the OCD (β=0.93, P<0.0001) through metacognitive beliefs (CI= 0.18-0.09) and dysfunctional cognition (CI= 0.31-0.14). It was also revealed that dysfunctional cognition is mediating between early maladaptive schemas and the OCD (CI= 1.14-0.13). This study illustrated that the early maladaptive schemas restrain the surface cognitive processing. Therefore, it is recommended that the early maladaptive schemas, metacognition, and dysfunctional cognition are attended to treat the OCD.Keywords: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Meta-cognitive, Dysfunctional Cognition, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Agricultural Residues for Renewable Bio-Crude Production: Energy Yield and Emission Reduction Potential Thomas Schmidt; Fatemeh Rezaei; Zhang Wei; Ahmad Fikri bin Abdullah; Nguyen Van Hung
International Journal of Energy Systems and Materials Innovation Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026): Edition January- April IJESMI
Publisher : Gio Vani Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17524/ijesmi.v1i2.14

Abstract

The escalating global energy demand, coupled with the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, necessitates the development of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. This study investigates the Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of abundant agricultural residues—sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, and rice husk—for the production of renewable bio-crude oil. Experiments were conducted in a batch reactor at temperatures ranging from 280–320°C to optimize the yield and quality of bio-crude. The results showed that a reaction temperature of 300°C yielded maximum bio-crude outputs of 38.2 wt%, 42.5 wt%, and 35.1 wt% (dry ash-free basis) for bagasse, wheat straw, and rice husk, respectively, with corresponding energy recoveries of up to 78.5%. The bio-crude exhibited improved fuel properties, with higher heating values between 30–34 MJ/kg. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed that the integrated HTL system, when accounting for avoided fossil fuel use and prevention of open-field burning, achieves net-negative greenhouse gas emissions, ranging from -32.1 to -47.4 g CO₂-eq per MJ of bio-crude. The findings confirm that HTL of agricultural waste is a technically feasible and environmentally strategic pathway for producing low-carbon liquid biofuels, directly contributing to waste valorization, energy security, and climate change mitigation by phasing out fossil-derived fuels.
Co-Authors Ahmad Fikri bin Abdullah Nguyen Van Hung Thomas Schmidt Zhang Wei