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D.N. Adnyana, D.N.
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Penelitian Kerusakan Pada Sebuah Pipa Ketel Uap Adnyana, D.N.
MESIN Vol 9, No 2 (2007): MEMINIMALKAN KERUGIAN KAMPUS AKIBAT BANJIR
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Mesin, Universitas Trisakti

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Abstract

Failure Investigation on Ruptured Boiler Tube, This paper presents a failureinvestigation on a ruptured steam boiler tube. This boilertubewas madeoflow carbonsteel, having 76.1mm outside diameter and 5 mmthickness. Theboiler tube was installed in horizontal position on thefrontrear walls ofa steam boiler that was operated at steam pressure and temperature of60 bar and 275"C.respectively. The failure investigation was carried out by performing a number of examinationsincluding: macroscopy, metallography, hardness test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equippedwith EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Results ofthefailure investigationshowed that thefailure onthe boiler tube was most likely caused by a short term localized overheating. The overheatingtemperature was estimated to have reached about 700 - 850°C. This was indicated by the formation ofbainite and/or martensite microstructure in some location of the ruptured tube material. Since no anysignificant scaleformation was observed in the tube internal wall, andalso no anyobvious indication ofpossible overheating due to a direct burner flame impingement toward the tube outside surface, it wastherefore concluded that the occurrence of short term localized overheating on the tube was mostprobably caused by low water level inthat particular part ofthe boiler tube.
Pengujian Dan Analisis Metalurgi Terhadap Cacat Yang Terbentuk Pada Dinding Bagian Dalam Lubang Utama Sebuah Aileron Block Hasil Proses Permesinan [Metallurgical Assesment of A Broken Gearbox Intermediate Shaft of A Reciprocating Compressor] Adnyana, D.N.
Metalurgi Vol 31, No 1 (2016): Metalurgi Vol. 31 No. 1 April 2016
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi dan Material - LIPI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1248.487 KB) | DOI: 10.14203/metalurgi.v31i1.88

Abstract

This paper presents the results obtained from the metallurgical assessment on a broken gearbox intermediate shaft of a reciprocating hydrogen make-up compressor. This gearbox intermediate shaft is splined at its end and made of a machinery steel of AISI 4340. This gearbox intermediate shaft was reported to have been failing frequently since the compressor was installed about thirty years ago. In the early operation during which the intermediate shaft was still supplied as original part, the shaft was reported to last for about three years, but later after the shaft was made by local manufacturer, its service life decreased significantly to less than one year or even only a few months. To perform metallurgical assessment, a number of specimens were prepared either from the broken shaft or from the unbroken shaft for laboratory examinations including macroscopic examination, chemical analysis, tensile test, metallographic examination, hardness test, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examination equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis. Results of the metallurgical assessment obtained showed that the gearbox intermediate shaft had experienced predominantly to fatigue fracture caused by a high nominal stress due to the combination of shear stress, bending stress and torsion stress. The fatigue fracture was initiated from the tooth root of the shaft splines where high stress concentration present, and propagated into two directions, one in the anticlockwise transverse and radial direction approximately 450 to the shaft axis, and the other was to form a radial “whirlpool” crack pattern prior to the fast growing final fracture to form cup and cone like fractures. The high nominal stress experienced by the intermediate shaft during its operation may have been caused by the low strength of the material used for the intermediate shaft. The results of chemical analysis obtained showed that the material used for the intermediate shaft was very much close and met to the material specification of AISI 4340. However, from the results of mechanical tests obtained, the material used apparently did not meet to the material specification of AISI 4340 in the as-normalized condition. The low mechanical property of the intermediate shaft material in comparison with the standard material was very much influenced by its microstructures which contained a mixture of bainite or tempered martensite, pearlite and ferrite. The presence of the pearlite and especially ferrite in the microstructures could reduce the mechanical properties quite significantly and this may have been associated with some improper manufacturing and/or heat treating processes applied to the shaft. In addition, the acceleration of fatigue fracture occurred on the intermediate shaft was likely not contributed by any corrosion.ABSTRAKMakalah ini menyajikan hasil pengujian dan analisis metalurgi pada patahan gearbox poros menengah dari sebuah kompresor torak hidrogen. Gearbox poros menengah tersebut memiliki gigi di bagian ujungnya dan dibuat dari baja permesinan dengan spesifikasi AISI 4340. Gearbox poros menengah ini dilaporkan sering mengalami kerusakan sejak kompresor dipasang dan dioperasikan sekitar tiga puluh tahun lalu. Di awal-awal pengoperasiannya ketika poros menengah tersebut masih dipasok sebagai komponen orisinil, poros tersebut dilaporkan mengalami kerusakan sekitar tiga tahunan operasi, tetapi belakangan setelah poros tersebut dibuat oleh pabrikan lokal, umur pakainya turun secara signifikan rata-rata kurang dari satu tahun atau bahkan hanya beberapa bulan saja. Untuk melakukan pengujian dan analisis metalurgi, sejumlah benda uji dipersiapkan baik dari poros yang patah maupun dari poros yang tidak patah untuk pengujian laboratorium meliputi uji makroskopik, analisa kimia, uji tarik, uji metalografi, uji kekerasan dan analisis menggunakan SEM (scanning electron microscopy) yang dilengkapi dengan EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Hasil pengujian dan analisis metalurgi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa gearbox poros menengah telah mengalami patah lelah yang disebabkan oleh tegangan nominal yang tinggi akibat kombinasi tegangan geser, tegangan lentur dan tegangan torsi. Patah lelah diawali dari bagian akar gigi poros menengah tersebut yang merupakan daerah dengan pemusatan tegangan yang tinggi dan merambat dalam dua arah, salah satunya pada arah berlawanan dengan arah jarum jam secara melintang dan radial sekitar 45° terhadap sumbu poros, dan lainnya merambat secara radial dengan membentuk pola retak/patahan seperti “pusaran kolam” sebelum terjadi pertumbuhan yang cepat pada saat patah akhir yang membentuk patahan seperti mangkuk dan kerucut. Tegangan nominal yang tinggi yang dialami oleh poros menengah selama operasi kemungkinan disebabkan oleh kekuatan material poros yang rendah. Hasil analisa kimia yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa material poros menengah tersebut adalah hampir mendekati dan sesuai dengan spesifikasi material menurut AISI 4340. Akan tetapi, dari hasil uji mekanis yang diperoleh sangat jelas menunjukkan bahwa material yang digunakan tidak sesuai dengan spesifikasi AISI 4340 dalam kondisi diberi perlakuan panas normalisasi. Rendahnya sifat mekanis dari poros menengah tersebut dibandingkan dengan material standar sangat dipengaruhi oleh struktur mikronya yang terdiri dari campuran bainit atau martensit temper, perlit dan ferit. Adanya struktur perlit dan terutama ferit dalam struktur mikro material poros menengah tersebut dapat menurunkan sifat mekanis secara signifikan dan ini kemungkinan dapat dikaitkan dengan ketidak sesuaian dalam proses manufaktur dan/atau proses laku panas yang diberikan pada poros tersebut. Disamping itu, percepatan patah lelah yang terjadi pada poros menengah tersebut sepertinya tidak ditunjang/dibantu oleh proses korosi.  
Penelitian Dan Analisis Metalurgi Pada Cacat Permukaan Lubang Utama Dari Komponen Paduan Aluminium Hasil Permesinan Untuk Bagian Sayap Pesawat Terbang (Aileron) [Metallurgical Assesment of Main Bore Surface Defect of A Machined Aluminum Alloy Aileron Block] Adnyana, D.N.
Metalurgi Vol 31, No 3 (2016): Metalurgi Vol. 31 No. 3 Desember 2016
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi dan Material - LIPI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (3763.608 KB) | DOI: 10.14203/metalurgi.v31i3.175

Abstract

A newly machined aileron block was reportedly exhibiting several pits on its particular main bore area after it has been subjected to sulfuric anodizing process. This defective machined aileron block was made of aluminum alloy AA 2618 forging, designed to accommodate some moving parts internally and connected to a mechanism that may allow the movement of aircraft aileron. In order to determine type and factors that may have caused the occurrence of surface defect on the main bore area of the machined aileron block, it was considered to perform a metallurgical assessment. A number of specimens were prepared for laboratory examinations which included macroscopic examination, chemical composition analysis, metallographic examination, hardness test and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examination equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis. Results of the metallurgical assessment obtained show that the surface defect occurred on the main bore area of the machined aileron block is mainly influenced by the presence of large precipitates in the aluminum matrix phase of the aileron block material. Formation of these large precipitates may have reduced their coherency with the matrix phase of the aluminum alloy and hence could easily detach them from the surface during machining and formed several abandoned pits thereonAbstrakSebuah aileron block hasil proses permesinan dilaporkan memperlihatkan sejumlah sumuran pada dinding bagian dalam dari lubang utama setelah diberi proses anodisasi sulfurik. Aileron block yang cacat tersebut terbuat dari paduan aluminium AA 2618 hasil proses tempa dan dirancang untuk mengakomodasi pergerakan komponen-komponen di dalamnya yang terhubung dengan suatu mekanisme sehingga memungkinkan terjadi gerakan pada aileron di bagian sayap pesawat terbang. Untuk menentukan jenis dan faktor-faktor yang mungkin telah menyebabkan terjadinya cacat permukaan pada bagian lubang utama dari aileron  block tersebut, maka diperlukan untuk melakukan pengujian dan analisis metalurgi. Sejumlah benda uji disiapkan untuk pengujian laboratoriumya itu terdiri dari uji makroskopik, analisa komposisi kimia, uji metalografi, uji kekerasan dan uji SEM (scanning electron microscopy) yang dilengkapi dengan analisa EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Hasil pengujian dan analisis metalurgi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa cacat permukaan yang terjadi pada dinding bagian lubang utama aileron block tersebut utamanya dipengaruhi oleh pembentukan endapan partikel (presipitat) berukuran besar di dalam matrik fasa aluminium aileron block tersebut. Pembentukan partikel/presipitat yang besar tersebut telah menurunkan ikatan koherensi dengan matrik fasa aluminium dan mengakibatkan pertikel tersebut mudah terlepas dari permukaan selama proses permesinan dan membentuk/meninggalkan sejumlah lubang sumuran di sana.  
METALLURGICAL AND LIFE-TIME ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-PRESSURE (HP) STEAM PIPES OF A PALM OIL PROCESSING PLANT Adnyana, D.N.
Metalurgi Vol 33, No 3 (2018): Metalurgi Vol. 33 No. 3 Desember 2018
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi dan Material - LIPI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2283.104 KB) | DOI: 10.14203/metalurgi.v33i3.449

Abstract

This paper presents a metallurgical assessment performed on HP steam pipes of a newly constructed plant for transporting high pressure steam from a boiler to a palm oil processing plant. The aim was to assure that the material integrity of the steam pipes meet the intended specification and reliability. In addition, the aim was also to determine the estimated service life of the steam pipes. The metallurgical assessment was conducted by preparing a number of specimens from the as-received three pieces of HP steam pipes. Various laboratory examinations were performed including chemical analysis, metallographic examination, hardness testing and tensile testing at 3000C. In addition, a life-time calculation and analysis was also made using an equation based on the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) and data obtained from the API Standard 530. Results of the metallurgical assessment obtained showed that the HP steam pipes which were made of ASTM A-106 Gr. B were all in good condition, either in microstructure or mechanical property. There were no any significant defect observed, and all the three HP steam pipes were assumed being ready to place in service. Under the intended operating pressure and temperature of 70 bar(g) and 3000C (max), respectively it can be estimated that the HP steam pipes may likely reach some design life up to 25 years or more with the corrosion rate approximately 0.2 - 0.3 mm/year.  
Kerusakan Fatik Pada Baut Dan Mur Roda Kendaraan Ringan Untuk Operasi Tambang Batubara [Fatigue Failure Of Wheel Studs And Nuts Of Light Vehicles Used In Coal Mine Operation] Adnyana, D.N.
Metalurgi Vol 32, No 2 (2017): Metalurgi Vol. 32 No. 2 Agustus 2017
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi dan Material - LIPI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1434.591 KB) | DOI: 10.14203/metalurgi.v32i2.319

Abstract

Kendaraan ringan merupakan moda transportasi yang potensial dan efisien digunakan dalam mendukung operasi tambang batubara. Akan tetapi, karena kondisi jalan yang sangat buruk pada lokasi pertambangan, banyak kendaraan ringan yang saat ini digunakan sering mengalami kecelakaan akibat terjadi kelonggaran pada roda. Terjadinya kelonggaran pada roda tersebut sangat terkait dengan patahnya atau rusaknya baut dan/atau mur roda kendaraan tersebut. Dalam makalah ini dibahas jenis kerusakan dan faktor-faktor yang kemungkinan telah menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan pada baut dan/atau mur roda kendaraan. Penelitian/pengujian metalurgi telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan sejumlah benda uji yang diambil dari baut dan mur roda kendaraan, baik yang telah rusak maupun yang tidak rusak. Berbagai pengujian laboratorium telah dilakukan meliputi: uji makro, analisa komposisi kimia, uji metalografi, uji kekerasan dan uji SEM (scanning electron microscopy) yang dilengkapi dengan analisis EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Disamping itu, uji torsi juga telah dilakukan pada beberapa baut dan mur yang baru untuk mengukur hubungan antara momen torsi dan sudut torsi. Hasil dari penelitian/pengujian metalurgi yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan pada baut roda disebabkan oleh retak atau patah lelah atau fatik akibat beban siklus yang bersifat tekukan searah dan pada tegangan nominal yang rendah.AbstractLight vehicle is a potentially useful and efficient mode of transportation to be utilized in supporting the coal mine operation. However, due to the harsh road condition at the mine site, many light vehicles presently used are frequently experiencing a number of incidents caused by loose wheel. The occurrence of this loose wheel is very much related with some broken or damaged wheel studs and/or nuts of the vehicle. Type of failure and factors that may have caused the damage of the wheel studs and/or nuts of the vehicles are discussed in this paper. The metallurgical assessment was conducted by preparing a number of specimens from the damaged and undamaged wheel studs and nuts of the vehicles. Various laboratory examinations were performed including macroscopic examination, chemical composition analysis, metallographic examination, hardness test and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) examination equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis. In addition, torsion test was also conducted on several new studs and nuts to measure the relationship between the torque and angular displacement. Results of the metallurgical assessment obtained show that the damaged wheel studs have experienced fatigue crack or fracture that was caused by load cycling under unidirectional bending at a low nominal stress.
LEAKAGE INVESTIGATION ON A FIRED HEATER TUBE OF A PETROLEUM REFINERY DUE TO CARBURIZATION Adnyana, D.N.
Metalurgi Vol 34, No 2 (2019): Metalurgi Vol. 34 No. 2 Agustus 2019
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Metalurgi dan Material - LIPI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (663.408 KB) | DOI: 10.14203/metalurgi.v34i2.488

Abstract

The fired heater of a petroleum processing refinery leaks in one of the convection tubes. The tube is made of ASTM A-106 Gr.B. Process fluid in the tube is xylene with a design pressure of 15.8 kg/cm²g and design temperature of 299 °C (at the inlet) and 405 °C (at the outlet). This study aims to determine the type and causes and the mechanism of leakage in the tube. A number of tests have been carried out including visual inspection and  macroscopic analysis, chemical analysis, metallographic and hardness testing, and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis which is equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). The results obtained showed that the leak that occurred in the convection tube was caused by carburization and metal dusting. Carburization occurs in the inner walls of the tube that experience some localized overheating due to the formation of coke deposits. AbstrakDapur pemanas pada sebuah kilang pengolahan minyak bumi mengalami kebocoran pada salah satu pipa konveksi. Pipa tersebut terbuat dari baja karbon rendah jenis ASTM A-106 Gr.B. Cairan proses di dalam pipa adalah xylene dengan tekanan desain 15,8 kg/cm²g dan suhu desain yaitu 299 °C (pada saluran masuk) dan 405 °C (pada saluran keluar). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis dan faktor penyebab serta mekanisme terjadi kebocoran pada pipa tersebut. Sejumlah pengujian telah dilakukan meliputi pemeriksaan visual dan makroskopik, analisa kimia, pengujian metalografi dan kekerasan, serta analisa SEM (scanning electron microscopy) yang dilengkapi dengan EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kebocoran yang terjadi pada pipa konveksi disebabkan oleh karburisasi dan pembentukan debu/serbuk logam. Karburisasi terjadi pada dinding bagian dalam pipa yang mengalami panas berlebih secara lokal akibat terbentuknya endapan kokas.